tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75689303338854865872024-02-19T03:58:36.302+00:00Lateral ScienceA plethora of science & engineering subjects, both real & virtual. Accounts of the Victorian psychopathic experimentalist Ernest Glitch. Projects, inventions & observations
pertaining to science & engineering. Est. 2002. © Roger CurryUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger427125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-87689694223371377812018-09-24T13:46:00.000+01:002019-03-22T14:01:15.311+00:00GPO 3000 series relay - a source of precious metals<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The following information is a reference for an article published by e-Rocks. -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> "<b><a href="https://e-rocks.com/blogs/11437/palladium-nuggets-natural-artificial" target="_blank">Palladium Nuggets; Natural & Artificial</a></b>" </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The article concerns, amongst things mineralogical, a <i>Quarter Ounce Palladium Nugget made from Post Office Relay Contacts -</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-86235453267121832222018-04-15T16:09:00.000+01:002018-04-15T16:09:43.361+01:00Tickle Smoke and the Graf Zeppelin<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>This fascinating film clip is the Graf Zeppelin plunging through a rain of liquid titanium tetrachloride</b>. It was taken as the huge airship flew over New York in 1929, after circumnavigating the World.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The small plane has laid down a smoke curtain, by pumping liquid titanium tetrachloride out the back. The liquid, called <i>tickle</i> after its formula TiCl4, fumes dramatically when in contact with humid air. What looks like the shadow of the zep, underneath on the smoke curtain, is actually a gap in the curtain. The downpour of noxious liquid, which would have completed the smoke screen at that position, now coats the Graf Zeppelin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The skin of the airship was a cotton-canvas covering, doped to keep it taut and waterproof. The dope used was a solution of cellulose acetate butyrate to which aluminum powder had been added. This thin covering provided aerodynamics to the huge hydrogen gas-bags within, which provided lift. The gas-bags were made from goldbeater's skins, here described by Mark Steadman -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; font-style: italic;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif; font-size: large;"><i>Goldbeaters skin is made from part of a cows intestine, the outer layer of the caecum to be precise, which is also called blind gut or even the appendix. The outer layers of the blind-gut are carefully stripped off into sheets of around 60 cm in length by 25 cm in width. They are then cleaned of fat by dipping the gut in a mild alkaline solution (</i>potassium hydroxide<i>) and scraped with a blunt knife. The cleaned gut is then stretched over a frame. One quite remarkably quality of this material is that separate sheets can be joined or welded when wet by carefully rubbing the overlap of the two sheets. Several layers can be made this way as well, for example, airship gasbags usually consisted of up to seven layers of skin. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif; font-size: large;"><i>The living tissues in the sheets grew together making a seamless and Hydrogen proof join. As well as being impermeable to Hydrogen it was also light and very strong, making it the perfect gasbag material! However it was very labour intensive and time consuming to produce."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif; font-size: large;">courtesy of <a href="http://www.ptt-museum.dk/en/online_magazine/previous_articles/telegraphy/index.php?id=74" target="_blank">MuseumsPosten, Post & Tele Museum</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">The Graf Zeppelin contained 2,600,000 cu ft of hydrogen gas (contained in the guts of around half a million cows), and 1,100,000 cu ft of Blaugas (50% olefins (alkenes), 37% methane and other alkanes, 6% hydrogen, 7% air). One would have thought that a huge volume of extremely inflammable gas should be isolated from any possible cause of leakage, or source of ignition, to prevent a catastrophe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I wonder if any risk assessment was done before this stunt took place, or indeed whether the pilot of the Zeppelin was even aware his airship was about to be soaked in tickle? The potential problem with having titanium tetrachloride soaking a state-of-the-art flying machine, constructed from organic materials and hydrogen gas, isn't just tickle's exothemic reaction with atmospheric water. Hydrochloric acid is the result of the reaction, together with the formation of titanium oxides and oxychlorides.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Hindenburg in 1937 presumably hadn't had its cellulose acetate and cow gut affected by hot hydrochloric acid -</span></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Hindenburg_disaster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="735" height="326" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Hindenburg_disaster.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;"><b>Titanium Tetrachloride TiCl4</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Titanium-tetrachloride-3D-vdW.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="788" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Titanium-tetrachloride-3D-vdW.png" width="196" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Tickle is an unusual example of a metal halide that is highly volatile. It's formation, fuming and reactions are excellently shown in the following video -</span></div>
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<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bR_LAr_mOCw?rel=0" width="560"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-38903391146434619092018-04-05T20:53:00.000+01:002019-11-07T15:56:12.183+00:00Diverse Native Gold Specimens<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWucrXLcivVlkfby7B6twnzuOaHNZ77eoKCOxslIDoqwf-8ECDu1DkL8KBMvSvkoEWF5PMSX6eX0lOrrCaHwJxbY6pw50Ng3_8vTAV9q-GPvHMuDdQKoRLOKaR8mbr7Q9O8UphOxjPHCY/s1600/collection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWucrXLcivVlkfby7B6twnzuOaHNZ77eoKCOxslIDoqwf-8ECDu1DkL8KBMvSvkoEWF5PMSX6eX0lOrrCaHwJxbY6pw50Ng3_8vTAV9q-GPvHMuDdQKoRLOKaR8mbr7Q9O8UphOxjPHCY/s1600/collection.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Gold from California, Nevada, Scotland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Africa & Liberia. Contrasted with vintage malachite slab from Belgian Congo.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>My gold collection</b> began in 1967, when I was given a hunk of "reef" from the Robinson Deep gold mine, Johannesburg. Although an excellent specimen of Witwatersrand auriferous conglomerate, no gold was visible to the naked eye, a dissapointment to an eight-year old. Nine years later I tried my hand at gold panning alluvial deposits in Scotland. GOLD! My collection began to take form.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Now, over 50 years since my first acquisition, health problems have led me to consider selling my modest collection. I have the specimens arranged on a vintage slab of Belgian Congo malachite, which provides a verdant green contrast to the yellow warmth of the gold specimens.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Here's a 24 sec video -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CK-ewQWl5N4" width="560"></iframe></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Putting a value to any collection is difficult</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The value of native gold specimens is consistently much more than that of scrap gold, sold for melting down. Collectors of native gold specimens seek well crystallised specimens, interesting matrix, and unusual locations. As a rule of thumb, the value is about twice that of gold bullion. In the list below, I've included my estimates on the various pieces, with a <b>total of £336</b>, using gold price April 2018...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The specimens</b> - links access individual pages of provenance & historical information, photos & videos. </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A small 0.431 gram nugget from Dunolly, Australia. (£26) <u><b><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/dunolly-gold-nugget-micro-welcome.html">link</a></b></u></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A 27 mg nugget in 0.539 gram of alluvial gold. Also almandine garnets etc. from the Suisgill Burn, Kildonan, Scotland. (£33 & £10) </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/scottish-gold-panned-from-suisgill-burn.html">link</a></b></u></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A commemorative coin with Californian gold flake. (£30) </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/californian-gold-from-site-of-marshalls.html">link</a></b></u></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A minuscule amount from Oallen Ford, Shoalhaven River, New South Wales, Australia. (£0) </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/float-gold-from-shoalhaven-river.html">link</a></b></u></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Assayed gold ore from the Gooseberry Mine, Nevada. (£20) </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/gooseberry-ore-from-nevada-gold-mine.html">link</a></b></u></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Witwatersrand conglomerate, the Robinson Deep gold mine, Johannesburg. (£30) </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/gold-bearing-witwatersrand-conglomerate.html">link</a></b></u></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A 1.58 gram gold nugget with adherent quartz matrix & quartzite slab with included string of gold particles. Zwedru, Liberia. (£97 & £20) </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/gold-specimens-artisanally-mined-in.html">link</a></b></u></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A display slab of Belgian Congo malachite. (£70) </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/malachite-from-belgian-congo.html">link</a></b></u></span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMruNKhTt_eRocTj8jRnwWkCVsEloydz6NXf-SU2YZiJF02nyqUU022tb_jcuIA_8igBpQJQNgl8m5tqWZcNFn22zxwRyEG_W9aWzPj9GFpyAMzX8SiHAHzj7MEKCVatzfSA3ciosrkTw/s1600/malngold.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMruNKhTt_eRocTj8jRnwWkCVsEloydz6NXf-SU2YZiJF02nyqUU022tb_jcuIA_8igBpQJQNgl8m5tqWZcNFn22zxwRyEG_W9aWzPj9GFpyAMzX8SiHAHzj7MEKCVatzfSA3ciosrkTw/s1600/malngold.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMruNKhTt_eRocTj8jRnwWkCVsEloydz6NXf-SU2YZiJF02nyqUU022tb_jcuIA_8igBpQJQNgl8m5tqWZcNFn22zxwRyEG_W9aWzPj9GFpyAMzX8SiHAHzj7MEKCVatzfSA3ciosrkTw/s1600/malngold.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">The collection is now sold (7.11.19)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The ones that got away</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixljveiwl31VNVpYrZ04Nw8KqFsQkc8iX3nCe1NUvCOQ4G9R6jlpevOBjalyoaUm3VJtJ9rVos-SoMymYGbY2KwgkYmf7PQ8YZ7P4WHbVUZNS_jh2cvA3eGCViujs3QAh0_bnpmcH_Qkg/s1600/AuSuisgill.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="95" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixljveiwl31VNVpYrZ04Nw8KqFsQkc8iX3nCe1NUvCOQ4G9R6jlpevOBjalyoaUm3VJtJ9rVos-SoMymYGbY2KwgkYmf7PQ8YZ7P4WHbVUZNS_jh2cvA3eGCViujs3QAh0_bnpmcH_Qkg/s1600/AuSuisgill.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I don't have some specimens I collected anymore <b>:(</b> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The above glass tube of my first find from '77, Helmsdale gold, was stolen. I lost the gold I'd panned from the San Gabriel mountains, CA. I lost the gold I'd got from Leadhills, Scotland. I lost all but a few flakes I got from the Shoalhaven river, NSW.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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This eruption of <b>Mount Tavurvur volcano</b> on August 29th, 2014 (by Phil McNamara) shows the shock wave, which took 13 seconds to reach the camera. Which means the volcano was 2.8 miles away.</div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Aerial_view_of_the_RAF_Fauld_explosion_crater_4_December_1944.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="506" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Aerial_view_of_the_RAF_Fauld_explosion_crater_4_December_1944.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b>The above photograph, at a glance, looks like the surface of the Moon. But it's an area of Staffordshire, England, in 1944.</b></div>
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It was the result of one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history, and the largest to occur on UK soil. An RAF munitions storage depot went up.</div>
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Between 3,500 and 4,000 tonnes of ordnance exploded at RAF Fauld on Monday, 27th of November '44. Most of this massive tonnage was bombs, with a small amount (500 million rounds) of rifle ammunition. Apparently some idiot removed a detonator from a live bomb using a brass chisel rather than a wooden batten. <b>How do they know that</b>?</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Main Menu - click above</td></tr>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-59930173447046155172018-04-05T20:52:00.001+01:002019-11-07T09:44:20.237+00:00Malachite from the Belgian Congo<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/main-page.html" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8uBTn56ca9ctLo7_STLOgGZ9eVF7CAPCaD91o8gS30aSS1gE19KkqMKQ9jdH0M_DSdyUZI5dtNzMntIkUeydvL7nM3H_x9WRefIt5jxJ42uTjfw3YMjP_OFFrQSTK3qJtIUzvry7OQJA/s1600/logo.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Main Menu - click above</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIShuhZy66-dlMp_985lRHCtg7i23JwE7J3qka-V9q5VveDVblcAvLIv8PodKxp-VNIPlIKiDoVuCva3kCyrV4el7XFEomPyE9F7w027ocQhMDIhnQK2P11hyqxe41G_vlhaNrF2Pqz6Q/s1600/m1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIShuhZy66-dlMp_985lRHCtg7i23JwE7J3qka-V9q5VveDVblcAvLIv8PodKxp-VNIPlIKiDoVuCva3kCyrV4el7XFEomPyE9F7w027ocQhMDIhnQK2P11hyqxe41G_vlhaNrF2Pqz6Q/s1600/m1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This slab of pure malachite </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "lucida sans unicode" , "lucida grande" , "tahoma" , "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Cu</span><sub style="background-color: white; font-family: "lucida sans unicode", "lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">2</sub><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "lucida sans unicode" , "lucida grande" , "tahoma" , "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">(CO</span><sub style="background-color: white; font-family: "lucida sans unicode", "lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "lucida sans unicode" , "lucida grande" , "tahoma" , "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">)(OH)</span><sub style="background-color: white; font-family: "lucida sans unicode", "lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">2</sub></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b> was given to me by a retired jeweller, Stan Brown, in the 90's.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I use it to display native gold specimens. The Congo green contrasts the yellow gleam of gold admirably. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The slab had been in Stan's possession since the early '60s, so the polished face is now a little dull and scratched.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9pdFjMddjjWhMa5pub59ugkFkL02xzelU5xMEa-UuQKNZVBYhREe2DQ9JaO9dnnOPRi0irCjxSjo52nTKg5Z23gp2sp7-1uskDuPoZUyYIaStLeOmTSlzpZwa6qyl54xXlAUYGMiQqfQ/s1600/m3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9pdFjMddjjWhMa5pub59ugkFkL02xzelU5xMEa-UuQKNZVBYhREe2DQ9JaO9dnnOPRi0irCjxSjo52nTKg5Z23gp2sp7-1uskDuPoZUyYIaStLeOmTSlzpZwa6qyl54xXlAUYGMiQqfQ/s1600/m3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">He said that the colour accentuated the gold rings he </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">displayed on it. When he acquired it, it was sold as "cutting rough," but he liked its colour, shape and form, and its African provenance, from </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Katanga, in the Belgian Congo</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Here's a 56 second video of the slab -</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEYC4IZKR2JlsRQiOjtScaXElGcwSpRUPjnwee88wTpGTmEfNKTdkn9lWrkIQmHrO79yy-Zy2z_esY-JIZwXms55l8Iv07Ra0VhiEa6qeFkG3NLQWITbr6o1kRwhsM9tYu5XkfZtBUzIE/s1600/m2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEYC4IZKR2JlsRQiOjtScaXElGcwSpRUPjnwee88wTpGTmEfNKTdkn9lWrkIQmHrO79yy-Zy2z_esY-JIZwXms55l8Iv07Ra0VhiEa6qeFkG3NLQWITbr6o1kRwhsM9tYu5XkfZtBUzIE/s1600/m2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyOVOtvO0ZS2x1RzAHa3csMfq9Ysn8KMJynaFKVtYYSyu2N5YS9mOHhsP80NO-uBKBhx4jD_BwJTe312V8xIU31_wgOEtaScwi1jvyQssldl1ND_rR7fBI_V_onPht9vfRkJ-fredGQ9c/s1600/Map_of_the_Belgian_Congo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyOVOtvO0ZS2x1RzAHa3csMfq9Ysn8KMJynaFKVtYYSyu2N5YS9mOHhsP80NO-uBKBhx4jD_BwJTe312V8xIU31_wgOEtaScwi1jvyQssldl1ND_rR7fBI_V_onPht9vfRkJ-fredGQ9c/s1600/Map_of_the_Belgian_Congo.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A more modern description of the location -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Katanga Copper Crescent, Katanga (Shaba), Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Mindat location <u><a href="https://www.mindat.org/loc-16667.html" target="_blank">page</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I like it for the mineralogical interest, particularly the solution channels, which have small botryoidal growths on the sides and some micro-crystallisation.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPD4BWkexI6D0WB_E-DGBGRzUtF7-GMvzty6M-xR9f_kM4WMydeYzdZH7iKhtaE3ntAhPNlrkPqdkFMZ4uWZkAPoRk4yKSmoy5deme41jRQ5E0bWk87aS8MXxNvpPvGtXRpC08rKSfbPQ/s1600/m4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPD4BWkexI6D0WB_E-DGBGRzUtF7-GMvzty6M-xR9f_kM4WMydeYzdZH7iKhtaE3ntAhPNlrkPqdkFMZ4uWZkAPoRk4yKSmoy5deme41jRQ5E0bWk87aS8MXxNvpPvGtXRpC08rKSfbPQ/s1600/m4.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZ01LwBAX9vbxwpROCUlvq3asb478rThTDg1z6wyqNmJt0EWdP3vS5zRIGFahuynvrj2ws9Zhc-WhWj-mXnWSgM6MhuAGcSG0EpYyZvkbW5DpEAyIJQXQ0e-u0-k_6qYoQ3CCYbrYDQw/s1600/m5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="723" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZ01LwBAX9vbxwpROCUlvq3asb478rThTDg1z6wyqNmJt0EWdP3vS5zRIGFahuynvrj2ws9Zhc-WhWj-mXnWSgM6MhuAGcSG0EpYyZvkbW5DpEAyIJQXQ0e-u0-k_6qYoQ3CCYbrYDQw/s1600/m5.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">It's a hefty specimen, weighing <b><i>well over 1.3 lbs</i></b>. Here's a 39 second video showing some detail -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Dimensions - <b>13.5</b> x <b>10.2</b> x (<b>1.5</b> -> <b>2.3</b>) centimeters</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Weight - <b>627</b> grams</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">which is </span><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">FOR SALE</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">. See </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDhr7z9A0IIFOiB_PQRDmJWyXYXYBmAoOjxbZTaF5Kig_00s-gV73Boij05FOQDi22vAkDAp3NqRdOZIbhqX5weq2hRwogU1NtQPXEa-N3V3GAj6K-rYVITdQWGjon238bk-sY0zhRbhg/s1600/Congo-p10b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDhr7z9A0IIFOiB_PQRDmJWyXYXYBmAoOjxbZTaF5Kig_00s-gV73Boij05FOQDi22vAkDAp3NqRdOZIbhqX5weq2hRwogU1NtQPXEa-N3V3GAj6K-rYVITdQWGjon238bk-sY0zhRbhg/s1600/Congo-p10b.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Above, a copper mine in Katanga. Below, an old map shows the location of the copper locations in Katanga (see key).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>David Livingtone</b> accounts the occurrence of malachite in Katanga, in 1866 -</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcPjfJvj8PAqm1WJbkO6y1wKLmHpRTexI6qjViwOsq9BepR6qMOrmdbTNCDr_kH29bB7Rdy_pn8vPfMA8pohi9Cl4dPm13CTeWMnjOjKjUMyBQhXbMFVzKS9WrTIDSACDoGVEHulEs8II/s1600/livingstone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="498" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcPjfJvj8PAqm1WJbkO6y1wKLmHpRTexI6qjViwOsq9BepR6qMOrmdbTNCDr_kH29bB7Rdy_pn8vPfMA8pohi9Cl4dPm13CTeWMnjOjKjUMyBQhXbMFVzKS9WrTIDSACDoGVEHulEs8II/s320/livingstone.jpg" width="319" /></a></div>
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The Quarterly Review, Volume 138 1875</div>
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<a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=ODhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U2Tx1ZjGqEwFl78ph6_TJ4_UffOHA&ci=73%2C985%2C778%2C371&edge=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="447" src="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=ODhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U2Tx1ZjGqEwFl78ph6_TJ4_UffOHA&ci=73%2C985%2C778%2C371&edge=0" /></a></div>
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Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine, Volume 15, 1876</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As a postscript, the jeweller Stan Brown (who gave me the malachite), was not alone in appreciating the value of displaying the warmth of gold against the verdant green of Congolese Copper Carbonate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This animated jewel "The Living Flower" is by Salvador Dali, and is eighteen-carat gold, paved with diamonds; the stems embedded in malachite from the Belgian Congo.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAbawO-ZnhQ0EJpXrk7LYwE-hGOXSl_av2_rQ3joT53iZ36WOYRCb9sLesvbpAlG1HT3c84VECA7817p9T735CugAj9_5MynC3jP7RFSovmOEg-qAkIdoOu9HLeTlzWt9kffP136eeC1c/s1600/mal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="812" data-original-width="595" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAbawO-ZnhQ0EJpXrk7LYwE-hGOXSl_av2_rQ3joT53iZ36WOYRCb9sLesvbpAlG1HT3c84VECA7817p9T735CugAj9_5MynC3jP7RFSovmOEg-qAkIdoOu9HLeTlzWt9kffP136eeC1c/s1600/mal.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Described by Dali, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>"Opens and closes as a lovely flower, revealing stamen and petals paved with diamonds. The flowers, shaped as hands, reach always upward, toward the Light. The mound of malachite, from the Belgian Congo, hides the mechanism - a simple matter of weights and pulleys - which, when set in motion by electrical impulses, brings the flower to life."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I use it as a background for my native gold collection, below. The Congo green does contrast the yellow gleam of gold well.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0QIaTnDhapxU5E8TUg72Fd4eaMHMI9fYZd08rdV_abHNC6TN8hcYAiHmxLJPMhkixVeXvQit7Nh1A5Ak7z5qRxMi5SoCHziVwHLqQACIEQOYuaZI1FIDadvySKdm65gSH1j4P2ygQUyg/s1600/malngold.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0QIaTnDhapxU5E8TUg72Fd4eaMHMI9fYZd08rdV_abHNC6TN8hcYAiHmxLJPMhkixVeXvQit7Nh1A5Ak7z5qRxMi5SoCHziVwHLqQACIEQOYuaZI1FIDadvySKdm65gSH1j4P2ygQUyg/s1600/malngold.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxtx2WRc7UPiE2_f_5DFsVc7CRiPglw9EFTMAGv9xhQA9_PQAPW59YpGVxB8OZNlpBd2_J2ME881JwtsA0kHa0h9Tf9YULz46vqeYjpEn9INAn-me3LvdE-bAIH0KqtsZkE9JmQoptpOM/s1600/290cover.jpg" /></a> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/AzaraxshTaleghan.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/AzaraxshTaleghan.gif" /></a></div>
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By خالقیان, Taleghan, Alborz province, Iran</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcnpztLnvsOi0IyMn7fbWcV5kawCMv-kLh0kRv8vsCBBtr33iJAeV0xMeGf7boY3IIuTFvtfsJkCV-imkGvNm2AwzrWdY4cUb-8IqbQmCz-yTskvVfB5OL4skcZQtTw4fISvqHAOl_A8g/s1600/lt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcnpztLnvsOi0IyMn7fbWcV5kawCMv-kLh0kRv8vsCBBtr33iJAeV0xMeGf7boY3IIuTFvtfsJkCV-imkGvNm2AwzrWdY4cUb-8IqbQmCz-yTskvVfB5OL4skcZQtTw4fISvqHAOl_A8g/s1600/lt.jpg" /></a></div>
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The clear starry night and the conjunction of Venus and Jupiter provide the best background for this photogenic severe storm going off Samos Island in Greece on 10/21/2015. Notice the "bolt from the blue" striking many miles from the cell and the "cloud-to-air lightning" captured in the shot. The original photo is better then this cropped image, see <u><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Earth%2C_Venus_and_Jupiter.jpg" target="_blank">here</a></u></div>
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By <b>Manolis Thravalos</b></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-12900684188761958302018-04-05T20:52:00.000+01:002019-11-07T09:46:10.630+00:00Gold Specimens: Artisanally Mined in Liberia, Africa<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Above, a 1.58 gram nugget of gold, resembling a lizard-like creature, with adherent quartz matrix, Zwedru, Liberia.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br />In the early 1980's couple of good mates of mine were living in Monrovia, Liberia. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">While there, Linda & Simon visited an artisanal mining operation where they bought a few ounces of freshly mined native gold.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Liberia_in_Africa_(-mini_map_-rivers).svg/635px-Liberia_in_Africa_(-mini_map_-rivers).svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="635" height="302" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Liberia_in_Africa_(-mini_map_-rivers).svg/635px-Liberia_in_Africa_(-mini_map_-rivers).svg.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Liberia, Africa.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Most of their gold was sold (to be melted down) when they eventually returned to the UK. They knew I was into mineralogy, and gave me <b>the above piece of quartzite with native gold embedded, and a 1.58 gram specimen of crystallised gold</b> for my birthday. The specimens were obtained from a small operation, 15 miles </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">along an unpaved road,</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> north-east from <b>Zwedru, </b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Grand Gedhe County, Liberia</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The artisanal miners were hard-rock "gold boys," so the "nugget" was unworn by stream action, unlike the alluvial gold I'd laboriously panned in Scotland some years before. Excellent additions to my mineral collection!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">The two specimens of Liberian native gold</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>1) A quartzite matrix</b> (10 x 4.5 x 1.5 cm, 118 grams) with a visible string of gold particles 1.5cm long (max individual length >5mm) at one end, with a few scattered particles across the surface. Unknown quantity within.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">39 second video -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>2) A crystallised gold "nugget,"</b> resembling a small lizard-like creature (16.5 x 6.5 x 3.6 millimetres, 1.58 grams) with a few tiny adherent quartz matrix particles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">35 second video -</span></div>
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<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tLa7K9hDTdc" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;" width="560"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Both specimens mined in the early '80s at an artisanal hard-rock operation 15 miles NE from Zwedru, Grand Gedhe County, Liberia, Africa -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Here's some more photos and videos of the two specimens -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: left;">25 second video -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SXNAvqUZjFQ" width="560"></iframe></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: left;">23 second video -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-57075378815171341852018-04-05T20:51:00.000+01:002019-11-07T09:47:13.367+00:00Gold Bearing Witwatersrand Conglomerate from the Robinson Deep, Johannesburg<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiOOoje7wxlsrseAadujxipEiWP4BCbJhfN-MFEeDjgIdUofi5ztV6m3kTtWCgmThOYmfHhkxCXU29ySaxhKjal66cd5Zmp5tKAbEq6ceQ8XLqaWDPgCZWn26T0WKmnE_2gRc04u28TCM/s1600/IMG_2049b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiOOoje7wxlsrseAadujxipEiWP4BCbJhfN-MFEeDjgIdUofi5ztV6m3kTtWCgmThOYmfHhkxCXU29ySaxhKjal66cd5Zmp5tKAbEq6ceQ8XLqaWDPgCZWn26T0WKmnE_2gRc04u28TCM/s1600/IMG_2049b.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The above specimen of Witwatersrand reef gold ore was mined in the Robinson Deep gold mine, operational between 1898 and 1966.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Robinson Deep was indeed deep, reaching </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">8,380 ft. below the surface. The specimen is typical of Witwatersrand conglomerate, having quartz pebbles which are bound in a gold bearing matrix. The gold is very finely disseminated within the matrix, associated with pyrite. Under the microscope, very small specks of auriferous pyrite can be seen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Robinson Deep is located at Johannesburg, Johannesburg District (Central Rand), Witwatersrand field, Gauteng Province, South Africa. This 1903 map shows the Witwatersrand gold field's location -</span></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/South_Africa_and_its_future_(1903)_(14779148271).jpg/739px-South_Africa_and_its_future_(1903)_(14779148271).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="739" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/South_Africa_and_its_future_(1903)_(14779148271).jpg/739px-South_Africa_and_its_future_(1903)_(14779148271).jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I was given the specimen in 1967 by a nice old lady, Mrs. Ford. She was my sister Janet's piano teacher in the 1960s. Mr. & Mrs. Ford went on a "Grand Tour" a</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">fter they were married in the early 1950s </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">(they were posh), and visited Johannesburg, between other "exotic" locations. They went to the Robinson Deep gold mine and were given a sample of "reef" during the mine-tour.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQjVhlH2zV2eCUliZXW_eJX8US4iEQSxN4MDmXFAs8kJDoj9iWG7kDloVjWoQzBqV87v5ErJtfzstAzXUa8kvhLNz43k48Q_24t-eDTE-tOKunLHd0ANUaUiB0AMQOdp0NDeRW68MeWUs/s1600/IMG_2051b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="772" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQjVhlH2zV2eCUliZXW_eJX8US4iEQSxN4MDmXFAs8kJDoj9iWG7kDloVjWoQzBqV87v5ErJtfzstAzXUa8kvhLNz43k48Q_24t-eDTE-tOKunLHd0ANUaUiB0AMQOdp0NDeRW68MeWUs/s1600/IMG_2051b.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The specimen is 6 x 4.5 x 3.5 cm and weighs 94 grams</b>. Here's a 27 second video -</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgRRJcGi7wsfRO7pOokP9xjcXKp_0ZwoiqeqyoSo0jIPfzIixiF62dvQog9OrAB53K-nWKoYED5O0bsPi9H64kFSYkChw1CE_tJkCOy5xO7HG-mcK7RlNuq5tAHITrQ1Ktq-od8-PvHw/s1600/IMG_2053b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgRRJcGi7wsfRO7pOokP9xjcXKp_0ZwoiqeqyoSo0jIPfzIixiF62dvQog9OrAB53K-nWKoYED5O0bsPi9H64kFSYkChw1CE_tJkCOy5xO7HG-mcK7RlNuq5tAHITrQ1Ktq-od8-PvHw/s1600/IMG_2053b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="772" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgRRJcGi7wsfRO7pOokP9xjcXKp_0ZwoiqeqyoSo0jIPfzIixiF62dvQog9OrAB53K-nWKoYED5O0bsPi9H64kFSYkChw1CE_tJkCOy5xO7HG-mcK7RlNuq5tAHITrQ1Ktq-od8-PvHw/s1600/IMG_2053b.jpg" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Similar specimens of Witwatersrand conglomerate can be seen on-line at </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><a href="https://www.mindat.org/photo-653787.html" target="_blank">Mindat</a></u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> , at </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/conglomerate-gold-ore" target="_blank">USGS</a></u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><a href="http://nevada-outback-gems.com/World_placer_regions/witwatersrand_gold.htm" target="_blank">here</a></u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Interesting references on the geology of the Witwatersrand gold field -</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Kirk et al. in American Scientist “The Origin of Gold in South Africa” Nov 2003 (<u><a href="http://www.sas.rochester.edu/ees/ees119/reading2.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></u>)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Laurence J. Robb and F. Michael Meyer “The Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa: Geological framework and mineralization processes” from Ore Geology Reviews June 1995 (<u><a href="http://www.colby.edu/academics_cs/courses/GE127/upload/Robb_Meyer-1995.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></u>)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">P.R.Janisch "Gold in South Africa" J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metaff., vol. 86, no. 8 Aug. 1986. pp. 273-316 (<u><a href="https://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v086n08p273.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></u>) </span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here's some history of the Robinson Deep gold mine -</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEils0PByfS8C6P_jD5xXElqL5uONrA7yPlo8aeZtBYzPr__OcjwEpfjs_S6dFUvFRka80By6IAk9wYUC4dv0uDIMzYX5rNI438CwoSyviibD47ark7Ky7S4WoXcp8EGKg2E20J23kjoTh4/s1600/robinson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="453" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEils0PByfS8C6P_jD5xXElqL5uONrA7yPlo8aeZtBYzPr__OcjwEpfjs_S6dFUvFRka80By6IAk9wYUC4dv0uDIMzYX5rNI438CwoSyviibD47ark7Ky7S4WoXcp8EGKg2E20J23kjoTh4/s1600/robinson.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Two Ndau migrant labourers (named No.1139 & No.5122) from southern Mozambique endure 95 degree heat and 100% humidity, more than a mile underground down the Robinson Deep gold mine. This classic photo by Margaret Bourke-White was <u><a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8koEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA111&dq=robinson%20deep%20mine&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q=robinson%20deep%20mine&f=false" target="_blank">used</a></u> in </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">LIFE magazine 18 Sep 1950.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Here's a couple of short films about winning gold from the reef. They're cringe-worthy in their absence of mention of Apartheid, and that the actual source of the immense wealth was the labour of the true owners of the land.....</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Above, the headgear at Robinson Deep Gold Mine, Johannesburg 1905. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Below, a stereo photo of gold bullion produced by the mine in 1910. Use crossed-eyes to see the 3D image of 5012 ounces of gold, worth today £4.87 million.</span></div>
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from - <b>Transactions of the Manchester Geological Society</b>, Volume 28, June 1903</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">For those with an appetite for conglomerate, here's a closer look at the specimen. Video 18 seconds -</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-81996225063514306432018-04-05T20:50:00.000+01:002019-11-07T09:48:06.077+00:00Gooseberry Ore from a Nevada Gold Mine near Tesla Gigafactory<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/main-page.html" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8uBTn56ca9ctLo7_STLOgGZ9eVF7CAPCaD91o8gS30aSS1gE19KkqMKQ9jdH0M_DSdyUZI5dtNzMntIkUeydvL7nM3H_x9WRefIt5jxJ42uTjfw3YMjP_OFFrQSTK3qJtIUzvry7OQJA/s1600/logo.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The above lump of gold ore is from the Gooseberry mine, Ramsey District, Storey Co., Nevada, USA</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I bought it from Mike Owens, during a stay in Virginia City in 1986. Mike's Comstock Rock Shop had a small selection of gold ore specimens from the Gooseberry, complete with copies of the fire assay done by Rocky Mountain Geochemical Corp.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The dark sections of the rock are the gold bearing minerals, which the certificate of analysis shows </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">14.39</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> oz/ton gold and </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">478.97</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> oz/ton silver. The specimen weighs 28 grams, its size 4.4 x 3.2 x 2.0 centimetres.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Gooseberry mine is 112 years old, and shares it's Nevada location with the more recent Tesla <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_1" target="_blank">Gigafactory</a>.</span></div>
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Gooseberry Mine is about four miles from the Tesla Gigafactory</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Gooseberry Mine</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A prospector discovered gold and silver at the surface in 1906, and did some trenching and surface work until 1910, when "a Fuller mining man", from back East bought a half interest and soon bought the whole property. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The original Gooseberry Shaft was sunk at that time to a depth of 50 ft by hand. In 1928, J.D. Martin, Sr. purchased a half interest in the Gooseberry Mine from "the Fuller man," and together they operated the mine on a small scale, concentrating on development until the early 1930s when they switched from hand operation to a gas engine and air conditioning for the main shaft.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Martin family took over the mine in mid-1930s and for 40 years sank a 70 degree inclined shaft to the 1000-ft level. Over 9000 ft of drifts were driven at 100-ft intervals with the longest at the 1000-ft level extending 2100 feet west and 1640 feet east. Despite all this development, there was no production recorded from 1906 to 1966. Most of the drift material was stockpiled in dumps at surface, with no development of stopes or vein material.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1974 the Martin family executed a partial sale of the Gooseberry Mine to APCO Minerals Inc. who sampled and began construction of a 350 tpd mill, shaft and plant. West Coast Oil and Gas (subsidiary of Scurry-Rainbow Oil Limited) took over the mine in 1976 and operated the mine until suspending mining operations in 1981.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Asamera Minerals purchased the mine in late 1982. Mill capacity was increased to 500 tpd by the end of 1984. Mine closed down to a skeleton crew in 1985, but reopened in 1987 and production continued throughout 1990.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Gooseberry Mine is developed by a 1450-ft vertical shaft and drifts on the 500, 800 and 1000 ft levels. Mill capacity is 350 st/day, with 85% gold recovery. Developments include the mine, cyanide flotation process mill complex, a laboratory, heap leach pads, mill tailings and a solid waste landfill.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The USGS MRDS</b> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">(</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">United States Geological Survey Mineral Resources Data System.... catchy eh?) </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">lists Gooseberry mine as <i>primary</i> - gold & silver, <i>tertiary</i> - copper, lead & zinc. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Ore occurs in quartz-carbonate veins that range from a few inches up to 10 or more feet in width. Ore minerals are disseminated or form thin bands.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Reserves</b> for the Gooseberry Mine in 1985 were reported to be 216,505 tons of ore grading 0.209 opt gold and 8.08 opt silver. Production from 1978-81 was 235 Kilotonnes of ore grading 0.14 opt gold and 7.18 opt silver. 1985 production was 225 kilotonnes of ore yielding 5,000 ounces of gold and , 225,000 ounces of silver. Asamera halted production after 1985 due to depressed metal prices. Past production reported: pre-1980: 36,858 kg silver and 800 kg gold; 15,551 kg silver in 1980, 4,959 kg silver in 1981, 9529 kg silver and 217 kg gold in 1983.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The Gooseberry vein</b> is a precious-metal, epithermal, calcite-quartz vein deposited in Tertiary volcanics along the east-west trending Gooseberry fault. Propylitized rocks envelop this fault and the north-northeast trending Red Top structures. The alteration pattern suggests that the Red Top structures may contain precious-metal mineralization at depth. Ore-shoot location is controlled by abrupt change in dip, major change in strike, and intersection with northeast-trending faults. The silver-to-gold ratio increases markedly with depth. Preliminary fluid-inclusion studies indicate a temperature of deposition between 240 and 245°C, probably under non-boiling conditions and hydrostatic pressure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">From - "<i>Wallrock alteration vein structure and preliminary fluid-inclusion studies, Gooseberry Mine, Storey County, Nevada</i>." by </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Sprecher, Terry Ann. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">1985</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Analytical Data</b>: </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 70 "Geology and Mineral Deposits of Washoe and Storey Counties, Nevada" 1959 -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"...Grab samples taken from the dump at the mine were found to contain gold values ranging from .83 to 1.14 ounces per ton and silver values of 13.02 ounces to 69 ounces per ton. Presumably these samples came from the underground workings, but it is not known how representative these samples are of the deposit." </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Ave. Grade in 1990 194 ozs Au/ton and 7.24 ozs Ag/ton.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The deposit</b> consists of a nearly vertical quartz-dolomite veins that range from a few inches up to 10 or more feet in width. The veins follow an east-west zone, which is better developed at the 900-ft level than at surface. The vein can be traced for several hundred feet at the surface. Ore minerals are disseminated in numerous thin quartz veins present in vicinity of the mine with occasional areas of considerable jarosite, gypsum, and disseminated pyrite. Fissure vein, shear zone, disseminated.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ores</b>: Argentite, Stephanite, Tetrahedrite, Chalcopyrite, Electrum, Gold, Silver, Stephanite, Polybasite, Sphalerite, Galena.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Gangue</b>: Dolomite, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Quartz, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Pyrite, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Adularia, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Calcite, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Gypsum, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Jarosite.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGgdXgH2DGcMts8GYI0C5raPAhFnu1kc_iwsYbb9dDbx6AhfK0ApRXMJXED5Jew-a76JtCsGnMq15GdLau76VLYejVJzz8QUZnGhxmS78XkDVquotPvWrAshonLFSP9CApCpIlMcInnOo/s1600/original_penicillin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="781" data-original-width="772" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGgdXgH2DGcMts8GYI0C5raPAhFnu1kc_iwsYbb9dDbx6AhfK0ApRXMJXED5Jew-a76JtCsGnMq15GdLau76VLYejVJzz8QUZnGhxmS78XkDVquotPvWrAshonLFSP9CApCpIlMcInnOo/s1600/original_penicillin.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-79892418359488022702018-04-05T20:49:00.001+01:002019-11-07T09:48:56.369+00:00Float Gold from the Shoalhaven River, Australia<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIZFxfImgoe93Xj-XF6pQLo81LQD5kmKkMT9HTGxzl7SeSnFP6zUGm_ssP_l7UJQ1tJZg-faUa6LSY7drq4dOonVe0QB-gf42SOooZLcqQFNOVT9UVskn2rIJBsGTpePgR8MDt1jPrQPM/s1600/oallen+ford+gold2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="698" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIZFxfImgoe93Xj-XF6pQLo81LQD5kmKkMT9HTGxzl7SeSnFP6zUGm_ssP_l7UJQ1tJZg-faUa6LSY7drq4dOonVe0QB-gf42SOooZLcqQFNOVT9UVskn2rIJBsGTpePgR8MDt1jPrQPM/s1600/oallen+ford+gold2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">50+ flakes of gold, panned from <b>Oallen Ford</b> on</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> the Shoalhaven river, in the first pan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A few specks are part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Initial excitement about this Easter 2006 bonanza soon waned because of surface tension, back-pain and hypothermia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Me and me mate Les had reached here by an 850 km drive from Narra Warren, Victoria to Nowra NSW. After an overnight stop we bought a gold pan and spade we drove 80 km over unpaved road to the Bark Tree Pub at Nerriga (established in 1846). This boozer is remote, frequented by down-to-earth locals, bikers and that peculiar breed of folk - gold panners. Fortified by pies and beer we drove the remaining few km to Oallen Ford. This is a timbered bridge over the Shoalhaven River.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8BHIyW0dF9W2M9BpZstXeDuBYC3zyT2L9zogtgVJ0OsXMwxw8oWGj-JogV5sAwofnbmOMGz7k8AR833uIO02vjryMJikZWaPwPbRLQoWsdV2MFqXCjNgoIDoFgyab0Ap0EQIBdYkJUSM/s1600/fordgold2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8BHIyW0dF9W2M9BpZstXeDuBYC3zyT2L9zogtgVJ0OsXMwxw8oWGj-JogV5sAwofnbmOMGz7k8AR833uIO02vjryMJikZWaPwPbRLQoWsdV2MFqXCjNgoIDoFgyab0Ap0EQIBdYkJUSM/s1600/fordgold2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I moved a couple of stones and unleashed the might of the brand-new Chinese-made collapsible shovel upon the river bank. The virgin black plastic gold-pan filled, I started the back-breaking work of panning. The first pan anywhere rarely contains much. The gravel is from the surface, and gold is found in the lower layers; having made it's way there because of it's density. I was therefore amazed, delighted, and not a little excited, when this first pan revealed 50 odd tiny flakes of gold!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Upon finishing the pan, doing the final swirling to reveal gold, I noticed a couple of flakes actually floating on the surface. The stuff looks plentiful in the pan, but the flakes are ultra thin, like that gold leaf in those sickly expensive liqueurs that wankers drink. Two more pans after this I'd got down to elbow depth scooping gravel from the hole. No sign of black sand, bedrock or more substantial gold. My back was also giving me gip, so the prospect of more digging caused my enthusiasm to dampen. <b>Packing the gold panning in</b> as an experience not likely to significantly enrich the expedition, we drove back to the pub.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When we returned, dusk was quickly falling. We hadn't collected any firewood. We had only two cans of coke, and nothing edible. I retired into my tent, to undergo an unpleasant night. Things were fine to start with. <b>I was drunk</b>. I just lay on my blue mat, with my light jacket on. I'd forgotten to pack my sleeping bag before we left Melbourne. I had my extra clothing in a plastic bag, which was a comfortable pillow. The Bark Tree boozer had been good.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A couple of hours later, the threat of hypothermia had me wearing a pair of underpants on my head, socks on my hands, and the blue mat wrapped around my torso. All spare clothes being worn, the continuing drop in temperature took my mind off my pillowless stiff-neck, it was fucking freezing!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Having had no sleep, the moment when I realised the tent was getting lighter was memorable. The sun would appear soon, so I unzipped the tent. A wall of cold. Getting out into the moonlit dawn, I saw the Shoalhaven steam -</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE_6Caf442XkWEgjmxq35JROUkqBhGFvitBpuYfayFV7v_-to98jlYu2mcOvgBHLf9JLWz5iq-z5tj8luAIvYUvvlRdQKIZdI-u0kX_tp6ysH3QQtUcsp1LOO45V9onuHvgSEeq6vyZgQ/s1600/shoalhaven+steam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="550" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE_6Caf442XkWEgjmxq35JROUkqBhGFvitBpuYfayFV7v_-to98jlYu2mcOvgBHLf9JLWz5iq-z5tj8luAIvYUvvlRdQKIZdI-u0kX_tp6ysH3QQtUcsp1LOO45V9onuHvgSEeq6vyZgQ/s1600/shoalhaven+steam.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Steam off the Shoalhaven</b><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">6.34am 16.04.06</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Only when I was thawing-out, an hour later in Les' car, with me hands hogging the hot-air vents, did I realise that I'd severely overestimated my enthusiasm for gold panning. We left for the seaside - Kiama, to enjoy burgers, boozers and blowholes.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOVi5GKLkbY6m6jfEP6fAo_ImqamP83RNz1s3oJD3pn25nVEVoiQkUdVmup_A0efPAYNtrNvBAd7hkqhrPw_tN3USczrf1E6Cab-phcPeHt4tvgQo4pCoVw8pHIsegDnEtcclM_e0EAI4/s1600/kiama.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="550" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOVi5GKLkbY6m6jfEP6fAo_ImqamP83RNz1s3oJD3pn25nVEVoiQkUdVmup_A0efPAYNtrNvBAd7hkqhrPw_tN3USczrf1E6Cab-phcPeHt4tvgQo4pCoVw8pHIsegDnEtcclM_e0EAI4/s1600/kiama.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;">The Kiama Blowhole</b></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial";">3.50pm 16.04.06</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Transferring the minuscule amount of gold I'd found, into a plastic phial was unsuccessful. Most of the gold actually blew away. A few flakes remain, here's a 23 second video - <b>be prepared to be severely underwhelmed</b> -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">All that can be said for this pitiful excuse for a sample of alluvial gold is that there are few flakes -</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAbouuX83WDnqix6oOJSLSdIaOtpgv1ejtsyAUa1GDNIh2GdcSt4nXhMkTRQvxlWpMFto8oHo3fIJ7P61VmzxbCJmIb9rfPjQO8QN3U-6aFLvepo0Ezuf3O7piP4Z7e-lvqDD3IECXm6I/s1600/Shoalhaven.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAbouuX83WDnqix6oOJSLSdIaOtpgv1ejtsyAUa1GDNIh2GdcSt4nXhMkTRQvxlWpMFto8oHo3fIJ7P61VmzxbCJmIb9rfPjQO8QN3U-6aFLvepo0Ezuf3O7piP4Z7e-lvqDD3IECXm6I/s1600/Shoalhaven.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=5D5kAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA150&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U0L5CwJ-Fu3_qyngJMJ9w6G9zTmIQ&ci=87%2C581%2C826%2C852&edge=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="475" src="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=5D5kAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA150&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U0L5CwJ-Fu3_qyngJMJ9w6G9zTmIQ&ci=87%2C581%2C826%2C852&edge=0" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This from the Feb 2007 publication, by the NSW Dept. of Primary Industries, <i><b>Nerriga Gold Deposits -</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Shoalhaven River and Terraces</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Production of alluvial gold between 1878-1901 for
the Nerriga Division, per Registrars returns, was 14177 ozs. However, gold has been won from the
Shoalhaven since 1851, and therefore actual
production was undoubtedly considerably higher.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Activity in the early days centred on cradling the
gravels and drifts in the bed of the Shoalhaven
near Nerriga, Oallen Crossing and in general below
the confluence with the Mongarlowe River.
These gravels appear to have been the mainstay of
the gold mining throughout the chief working
period. During the late 1960s, a small gravel pump
worked on active gravel beds at Oallen Crossing,
and produced about 15g (0.5oz)/hour (recovering
approximately 3g (2dwts)/cubic metre).
Shafts sunk in 1885 on alluvial flats in the Oallen
Crossing area yielded prospects going 10-37g/m3
over their depths (40 shafts revealing gravel depths
of 7.5 to 14 metres).
In 1890 shafts in the same locality yielded
prospects up to 15g/m3
from 12 metres depth.
Higher level gravels worked here in 1904 yielded
an average of 6g/m3
from 500m3
.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The high level Tertiary gravels in the Oallen-Nerriga
area were recognised to be highly auriferous in
parts, however their elevation above the
Shoalhaven (30-120 metres) and the difficulty in
race construction from other permanent streams
precluded working in all but a few places. In all,
there appears to be thousands of acres of Tertiary
sands and gravels remaining in the area.
The gold won from the Shoalhaven gravels
appears to have been chiefly very fine, although
nuggets up to 7.5kg (240oz) were reported from
near Nerriga.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joseph_Swan_in_his_Laboratory_(9672405514).jpg/800px-Joseph_Swan_in_his_Laboratory_(9672405514).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="800" height="446" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joseph_Swan_in_his_Laboratory_(9672405514).jpg/800px-Joseph_Swan_in_his_Laboratory_(9672405514).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Joseph Swan</b> in his home laboratory at Low Fell, Gateshead</div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-39057127906515258442018-04-05T20:49:00.000+01:002019-11-07T09:50:02.175+00:00Californian Gold from the Site of Marshall's Discovery at Sutters Mill<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Above, a small flake of Californian gold from Coloma, the location of Marshall's '48 discovery</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Sutter's Mill was a sawmill, owned by 19th-century pioneer John Sutter, where west-coast gold was first found in significant quantities, setting off the California Gold Rush. It was located on the bank of the South Fork American River in Coloma, California. Gold was discovered on January 24, 1848, by James Wilson Marshall, a carpenter originally from New Jersey.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyc_WLnXoOvu4JFh-SnQ1C-WUrQsbNO_bWCki0oZ6aBYxk8qGxS6pbBDx-BlhPQwEGR2Y-OiDOXPL-WSFQAr_NK8zL8TK84Yk1XD4SLoANPqAXF6cVPbllIBboyX0gC9MhAFgSRhZ6jks/s1600/sutter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="285" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyc_WLnXoOvu4JFh-SnQ1C-WUrQsbNO_bWCki0oZ6aBYxk8qGxS6pbBDx-BlhPQwEGR2Y-OiDOXPL-WSFQAr_NK8zL8TK84Yk1XD4SLoANPqAXF6cVPbllIBboyX0gC9MhAFgSRhZ6jks/s320/sutter.jpg" width="280" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8zdCsA8MLHjcvFnn2qo1FWDZtzhTWxh6xFPGxGal04oCGAmm8VlYAJ1xyaYYpFGVusgMuQbt4WhVo3QwY7WRuKn70BqR01zD3-bJedPWgO0sYjHLv-B09GuzaMn989msbNkLPwYvJoNE/s1600/marshall2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8zdCsA8MLHjcvFnn2qo1FWDZtzhTWxh6xFPGxGal04oCGAmm8VlYAJ1xyaYYpFGVusgMuQbt4WhVo3QwY7WRuKn70BqR01zD3-bJedPWgO0sYjHLv-B09GuzaMn989msbNkLPwYvJoNE/s1600/marshall2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1986 I was driving my parents on a tour of California and Nevada, and we visited the Marshal Gold Discovery State Park.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrz6YkIoWDocpxd_SAA8SOonY9M1L1N_adFk-9KenyK2ezvlauHPB8ob2XihCQ-4yI7OsL7PNZN5ooIzkr54iEDAbg74rksEyxXVkSi-nmZlBG75K2iB4YT80kOOS1agnD7irFeSppYek/s1600/marshall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="656" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrz6YkIoWDocpxd_SAA8SOonY9M1L1N_adFk-9KenyK2ezvlauHPB8ob2XihCQ-4yI7OsL7PNZN5ooIzkr54iEDAbg74rksEyxXVkSi-nmZlBG75K2iB4YT80kOOS1agnD7irFeSppYek/s1600/marshall.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The gold I'd panned from the San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles County had, unfortunately, gone missing in the chaos of my apartment. So that I had at least some Californian gold for my collection, I bought a commemorative coin at Sutter's Mill. The small flake of gold in the miner's pan is from the discovery area. My parents took it with them back to the UK, so it was safe from my disordered '80s lifestyle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Here's some photos of the coin, it's card and "nugget." Note that what appears to be imperfections, on the right & left sides of the coin, are just small creases on the plastic covering. The coin is good.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW_PgBn9Qo5A-VJqRsZtUtdv0XLZHtkHFCpHmU3Jv-8Fq7KFo6rK8BOzClGjjKILIxnFnnZv66c0-3xe7obxevv4aiM2bCkicbmwfiziPxi0_pBy7a2o9EndR0JQf6NW3NZ96UYppMoHE/s1600/card2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW_PgBn9Qo5A-VJqRsZtUtdv0XLZHtkHFCpHmU3Jv-8Fq7KFo6rK8BOzClGjjKILIxnFnnZv66c0-3xe7obxevv4aiM2bCkicbmwfiziPxi0_pBy7a2o9EndR0JQf6NW3NZ96UYppMoHE/s1600/card2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioWI-vBxCsAPOHJ8kazBphPRfBvPN-I9PqU4M2GkvHDdtUd8Eerzg4Fd5ZOXOO1SrXoYzXqIAWAKZrynQx300S8dH4uj0Ks5-Jz8dKN862GiwSJMWMl_LvCt07qFRXTgxBti7MBRPdGyc/s1600/card3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="539" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioWI-vBxCsAPOHJ8kazBphPRfBvPN-I9PqU4M2GkvHDdtUd8Eerzg4Fd5ZOXOO1SrXoYzXqIAWAKZrynQx300S8dH4uj0Ks5-Jz8dKN862GiwSJMWMl_LvCt07qFRXTgxBti7MBRPdGyc/s1600/card3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI4jsitPssg5XIhCnY2hgMKyBcTRdKj1tCs1WVZ3XjSarhesQ4sB2jmtZg90nEGuq6rTHb2jWvgf8Qay4cXXdK0RSxPTnxymiw2vktQdLZyGBWrkaRU6cyLHvdknyez1qGQ0eMTH_GjVc/s1600/card4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI4jsitPssg5XIhCnY2hgMKyBcTRdKj1tCs1WVZ3XjSarhesQ4sB2jmtZg90nEGuq6rTHb2jWvgf8Qay4cXXdK0RSxPTnxymiw2vktQdLZyGBWrkaRU6cyLHvdknyez1qGQ0eMTH_GjVc/s1600/card4.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBCdfR-MdMCnExLt3kAupMiR3XFue0KBLmtPgmIwtXTrvEcYHc9MNOS78T8RWQah3HpqYXKdCXClP0hgYfLo5bRc0-_rcV5H9Zw_vlj8WOg_7nrUyHJF_IjzN46rGRqNk_DXnUzc69s8w/s1600/card6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBCdfR-MdMCnExLt3kAupMiR3XFue0KBLmtPgmIwtXTrvEcYHc9MNOS78T8RWQah3HpqYXKdCXClP0hgYfLo5bRc0-_rcV5H9Zw_vlj8WOg_7nrUyHJF_IjzN46rGRqNk_DXnUzc69s8w/s1600/card6.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This from <i>"Reports Upon the Mineral Resources of the United States"</i>, b</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">y John Ross Browne, 1867 -</span></div>
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<a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=ajc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA14&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U1sVnVNMNUo8WqgXr5vCdskb2fwuQ&ci=110%2C690%2C800%2C744&edge=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="460" height="595" src="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=ajc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA14&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U1sVnVNMNUo8WqgXr5vCdskb2fwuQ&ci=110%2C690%2C800%2C744&edge=0" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=ajc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA15&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U3qRB-oe9KfqdolVel9AfCF9RCYVQ&ci=80%2C108%2C800%2C463&edge=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="460" height="370" src="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=ajc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA15&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U3qRB-oe9KfqdolVel9AfCF9RCYVQ&ci=80%2C108%2C800%2C463&edge=0" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This from <i>"Bankers' Magazine, Journal of the Money Market, and Commercial Digest"</i>, Volume 12, 1852 -</span></div>
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<a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=D4U4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA110&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U1S8DMJUmuDyLv5waypwye2rUwBOA&ci=215%2C353%2C708%2C537&edge=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="407" height="484" src="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=D4U4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA110&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U1S8DMJUmuDyLv5waypwye2rUwBOA&ci=215%2C353%2C708%2C537&edge=0" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Sutters_Mill.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="800" height="510" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Sutters_Mill.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Daguerreotype by R. H. Vance shows James Marshall standing in front of Sutter's sawmill, Coloma, California</div>
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<a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxtx2WRc7UPiE2_f_5DFsVc7CRiPglw9EFTMAGv9xhQA9_PQAPW59YpGVxB8OZNlpBd2_J2ME881JwtsA0kHa0h9Tf9YULz46vqeYjpEn9INAn-me3LvdE-bAIH0KqtsZkE9JmQoptpOM/s1600/290cover.jpg" /></a> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Bessemer_converters_MacKenzie_painting_1921.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="384" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Bessemer_converters_MacKenzie_painting_1921.jpg" /></a></div>
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Three Bessemer converters blowing in Mobile, Alabama, at different stages. From the foreground to the background : beginning with yellow silica sparkles, decarburizing with white-bluish flame, end of blowing with brownish fumes. Painting by John Roderick Dempster MacKenzie.</div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-4336892435742127272018-04-05T20:48:00.000+01:002019-11-07T09:51:13.671+00:00Scottish Gold, Panned from the Suisgill Burn, Strath of Kildonan, Sutherland<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Above, .539 grams of native gold panned from the Suisgill Burn. The <i>Hornsby Nugget</i>, top left, weighs 27 milligrams.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1977 I drove my Dad's Mazda way up north. To the site of the Great Scottish Gold Rush of 1869. I camped at the old site of <b>Carn na Buth</b> – Gaelic for ‘hill of tents,’ the former settlement of 69'er gold diggers on the Suisgill Burn.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Together with the nearby <b>Baile an Or</b> – ‘town of gold’ on the Kildonan Burn, these shanty villages housed some 500 folk who had flocked to the area in early 1869.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The above zoomable map shows the location of my auriferous endeavours in '77. Not having a "proper" Estwing plastic gold-pan, I used an aluminium camping frying pan for the panning. It worked. In 1869 the pan I used would have been <u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/early-aluminium-beryllium.html" target="_blank">worth it's weight in gold</a></u>, aluminium being so scarce. I was employed at the GEC chemilab at Aycliffe at the time, a summer job between 6th form and university. Being in the lab enabled me to very accurately measure the weight of my gold, and to seal it in a nice glass tube -</span></div>
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The label reads - </div>
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<b>NATIVE GOLD</b></div>
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PANNED FROM THE SUISGILL BURN, STRATH OF KILDONAN, SUTHERLAND, SCOTLAND. 1st - 4th AUGUST 1977. 10 HOURS OF PANNING YIELDING 400 FLAKES, WT = 0.3491g VALUE AT £60 PER OUNCE = 74p THE LARGE NUGGET WEIGHS 0.0215g ASSAYED AT 22 CARAT OR 80% GOLD, 20% SILVER - ELECTRUM. R.G.CURRY</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The above tube of gold was unfortunately stolen</b> from my house by a workman some years ago <b>:(</b> Not all my Scottish gold was nicked however. Fortuitously I'd driven up to the Suisgill burn again in the summer of 1978, and then in 1980 with best friends Jeff Rand, Alan Hornsby and my Dad, Alan Curry. These combined efforts, when we weren't drinking heavily at the Bridge Hotel, Helmsdale, gleaned <b>.539 grams</b>. Fortunately this gold wasn't being stored in my (rifled) mineral drawers, so it's survived to this day, including the 2.6 x 2.0 x 1.2 millimetre <b><i>Hornsby Nugget</i>, a</b> <b>27 milligram beauty</b> -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When the panning of Suisgill burn alluvium is complete, the gold (Au & Ag</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">) remains in the pan with magnetite (Fe3O4</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">), ilmenite (</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">FeTiO</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">3</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">), almandine garnets (</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Fe3Al2[SiO4]3</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">) and No.8 shotgun pellets (Pb). Here's what I collected from a few pans </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">(11.2 grams)</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">, with the gold and most of the magnetite removed -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The magnetite can be seen sticking to a magnet, the purple/pink almandine garnets are mixed with black ilmenite particles, and the shotgun pellets are weathered white with a coating of cerrusite and anglesite. Here</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">'s some close-ups, with the dodecahedral crystalline form apparent on some garnets (this is mentioned in the 1869 article below, note that "titanoferrite" is an old term for ilmenite) -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The shotgun pellets</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> found in the Suisgill burn. I measured the average of 9 well formed shot = 0.068 gram ea. = 1.05 grains. <b>No. 8 shot</b> is 1.09 grains, and is the primary load used in 12 bore cartridges intended for grouse. Prince Charles regularly shoots on the Strath of Kildonan grouse moors.... Does the possibility of .974 grams of <i>Royal</i> lead-shot add value to the gold-free alluvium? Who knows? Royalist collectors of such relics will probably leave this web-page after reading some history....</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>History of Sutherland Gold</b> -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><b>Baile an Or,</b> April 1869.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">Early in January 1870 the huts <b>were burned and the ground was cleared</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The existence of gold in the burns of the area was probably apparent in Pictish times, but the first recorded discovery was in 1818, with a ten pennyweights (15.6 grams) nugget being found in the River Helmsdale. This was used to make a ring for George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland.</span></div>
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The compassionate face of the landed gentry</div>
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<b>George, 1st Duke of Sutherland</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">He was busy at the time with the Sutherland Clearances, brutally evicting a staggering 2000 families per day. Houses were set alight, possessions were destroyed. The inhabitants left destitute with nowhere to go and no means to feed themselves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">50 years later, those "peasants" remaining in the area got a glimmer of hope, with the publication of the prospecting results of a certain Robert Gilchrist, a Helmsdale native who had just returned after 17 years prospecting in Australia. He found significant deposits of gold within the Strath of Kildonan in </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">November 1868</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">, especially in the </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Suisgill</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> and </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Kildonan</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Burns. The news was even reported as far away as Sydney, see press clipping at foot of this document.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>A miniature gold-rush ensued. </b>It lasted only 14 months. </span></div>
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<b>Gold Diggers on the Kildonan Burn</b></div>
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"<i>The Sutherlandshire gold diggings</i>," Illustrated London News, May 1869</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was sometimes possible for a person to get a couple of ounces of gold in a good week. On occasion large nuggets turned up, such as the 2 oz 19 grains (58 gram) </span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Rutherford Nugget</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> found in the Suisgill, and sold for £9.</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> It was honest hard work that could feed a family, with the possibility of a rich find.</span></div>
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<b>Baile an Or</b></div>
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"The Sutherlandshire gold diggings," Illustrated London News, May 1869</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The 3rd Duke of Sutherland, George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">stopped the operation</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> at midnight on 30th </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">December 1869. Although getting 10 per cent royalty on all finds, and charging each man £1 per month for a licence, the duke considered it "bad form" for the peasants to continue digging his estates up.</span></div>
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The <i>ever</i> compassionate face of the landed gentry</div>
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<b>George, 3rd Duke of Sutherland</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Both the Kildonan & Suisgill burns feed the River Helmsdale, a prime salmon river. The hills were full of game; deer, ptarmigan, grouse and blackgame abounded. Grouse shooting on the surrounding moors and fly-fishing the rivers have Royal Patronage nowadays, as the duke decided to <b>take away the livelihood of the gold diggers, in order to cater to the pastimes of the landed gentry</b>, from then to this day. Duke George torched the Baile an Or in January 1870.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Prince Charles is particularly enamoured with the Strath of Kildonan. Since he was a young man he's shot grouse on the moors and fished salmon from the River Helmsdale. He even did a watercolour of the river -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Prince Charles dragged his new bride Diana (who hated bloodsports) there in 1981 during their three-month honeymoon tour....</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-size: large;">"<b>Sorry</b> <b>but no</b>.., my er.., darling princess..., you do look absolutely divine </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>in that skimpy diaphanous silk lingerie..., but I have to be up at 5 tomorrow, the salmon are running, we're on the river in the morning and then bagging few brace of blackgame with my new Purdey after lunch! You could perhaps join the gamekeeper and I for high tea? Wear proper tweed clothing though my dearest, the keeper has a heart condition!"</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This following clipping is from <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>, Apr 30, 1869. The author's position in the social strata of Great Britain can be gathered from these excerpts -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">".. extravagant ideas are entertained by the peasantry of the chances of making a fortune.."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"It would be difficult to use language too laudatory of the Duke of Sutherland when speaking of his kindness towards his tenantry."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">At least the effects of the Clearances are mentioned in the following (just legible) article. "<i>The Sutherlandshire gold diggings,</i>" Illustrated London News, May 1869 -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As an end-note, during my panning expedition to Scotland in 1978, I visited the modest home of the Dukes of Sutherland, Dunrobin Castle -</span></div>
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<b>Dunrobin Castle is a stately hovel, the family seat of the Clan Sutherland.</b></div>
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Photo by Jack Spellingbacon, 2008</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">There was no bar, but I saw the "Helmsdale Nugget" on display, together with about an ounce of smaller nuggets. These had been given to the 3rd Duke of Sutherland.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">The Rutherford Nugget</span></b></div>
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Photo courtesy of Moffat Gold 2017, webpage <u><a href="http://www.moffatgold2017.com/scotlands-gold/4590882607" target="_blank">here</a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Helmsdale Nugget appears to be a renamed specimen, it was formerly the <i>Rutherford Nugget, </i>bought by a rich sycophant to give to the duke</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">. The young lad who discovered it in April '69 at least got his £9.</span></div>
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From a rambling booklet from 1869 <u><a href="https://deriv.nls.uk/dcn23/8203/82033440.23.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></u></div>
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<a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=rbUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA184&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U1SyAiEtCqj0N3Sejw6DBbqN97GAQ&ci=168%2C1239%2C768%2C150&edge=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="86" data-original-width="442" height="124" src="https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=rbUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA184&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U1SyAiEtCqj0N3Sejw6DBbqN97GAQ&ci=168%2C1239%2C768%2C150&edge=0" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>The Gold Fields of Scotland, by W Lauder Lindsay</b> </div>
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(note misspelling of Suisgill)</div>
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Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland.VOL.XII.VOL.II.1867-70 <u><a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rbUEAAAAQAAJ&dq=rutherford%20nugget&pg=PA176#v=onepage&q=rutherford%20nugget&f=false" target="_blank">here</a></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Main Menu - click above</td></tr>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-83264807308736187752018-04-05T20:47:00.000+01:002019-11-07T09:52:08.861+00:00Dunolly Gold Nugget: The Micro-Welcome Stranger<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiVqWisIKVUj83k3Af0xUWpHZ_-V5_x70g_EwFC2C724waqJ4sIwfYjJbjI1ZRpTj2VYKxA4hXEzAI2ckTsiqG6u_fCcnHwPIG38jzt08VULm-PeBODPRasXHS3jKT7onSkot_LUdYM-w/s1600/dunolly1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiVqWisIKVUj83k3Af0xUWpHZ_-V5_x70g_EwFC2C724waqJ4sIwfYjJbjI1ZRpTj2VYKxA4hXEzAI2ckTsiqG6u_fCcnHwPIG38jzt08VULm-PeBODPRasXHS3jKT7onSkot_LUdYM-w/s1600/dunolly1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Above, a rather interesting little gold nugget, found using a metal detector at Dunolly, Central Goldfields Shire, Victoria, Australia</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, see <u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1856 Dunolly was the site of one of the largest gold rushes that Victoria, Australia has ever witnessed, with as many as 60,000 people flocking to the town after the discovery of rich gold deposits. In 2006 me and my mate Les flocked there.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">We were hoping to find another "Welcome Stranger" nugget. After hiring a metal detector we proceeded to search for gold. <b>We were totally unsuccessful</b>. When we returned to the shop to give back the detector, I bought this <b>0.431 gram nugget</b> - 17 second video -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Dunolly gold assays as extremely pure, over 98%. This nugget measures 8.0 x 3.2 x 3.0 millimetres. Here's some photos of <b>The Micro-Welcome Stranger </b>-</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbjODMkWXyqmD7kgRalm5bN3hC5tvmkEw4ntX07EOBwEDTskbdnDJNztsYuWc0SwbVEVHinkHuE25YTG9sB_nwiY3S39YWRg1Jl3HWAvdVvF2nbOGI9A5Mul2f7DI7Qm9WAiJWKk7v1qY/s1600/dunolly2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="942" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbjODMkWXyqmD7kgRalm5bN3hC5tvmkEw4ntX07EOBwEDTskbdnDJNztsYuWc0SwbVEVHinkHuE25YTG9sB_nwiY3S39YWRg1Jl3HWAvdVvF2nbOGI9A5Mul2f7DI7Qm9WAiJWKk7v1qY/s1600/dunolly2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQJJxc3zi01nSGCG0OTnEpq28GAmEZuxc-HPwvSUxe9-QQ6uQeSPIBvJisABiDjaLyy5DQ25Mm2Tde3LFK-Wym1on7_QS7jnh_CfASbQ-bkG4rvkSrOhQDtxwzgOJDvm7p6pWjSxun6Ho/s1600/dunolly3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQJJxc3zi01nSGCG0OTnEpq28GAmEZuxc-HPwvSUxe9-QQ6uQeSPIBvJisABiDjaLyy5DQ25Mm2Tde3LFK-Wym1on7_QS7jnh_CfASbQ-bkG4rvkSrOhQDtxwzgOJDvm7p6pWjSxun6Ho/s1600/dunolly3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpjx0R6uB8dcisRjq3PvrETROc7n5Xr2h_bZmdH5JukKUoxHwSmtMUgZcW8i4htCn2sCVSbUGaBW__FDE2E2Gs-U9Ff8f-YdZIP3A7ZbQRxVSeUos07wjA9biY9e76ELjgNoh-n1jn2Ro/s1600/dunolly4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="518" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpjx0R6uB8dcisRjq3PvrETROc7n5Xr2h_bZmdH5JukKUoxHwSmtMUgZcW8i4htCn2sCVSbUGaBW__FDE2E2Gs-U9Ff8f-YdZIP3A7ZbQRxVSeUos07wjA9biY9e76ELjgNoh-n1jn2Ro/s1600/dunolly4.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The shop had previous finds by detector on display, and I asked to hold the following (more substantial) specimen, weighing many ounces -</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6TMDdgzkJQKEXOwjfjRyaOZDqPF0OniWsf98mPrALAIPJgZOxIdB-4wwZwt7U5ips5tiVVCTd6hDzreQw6XiVMJTIcgP_A6U4BBEeWHaOtY43UiUvOszcRuSOGpLOTODS1SPZPlPI3Tc/s1600/gold1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6TMDdgzkJQKEXOwjfjRyaOZDqPF0OniWsf98mPrALAIPJgZOxIdB-4wwZwt7U5ips5tiVVCTd6hDzreQw6XiVMJTIcgP_A6U4BBEeWHaOtY43UiUvOszcRuSOGpLOTODS1SPZPlPI3Tc/s1600/gold1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD79NV8XIC_W43yVBjlJHz0es5tlKePCRA-fhsicMdDDG_hyJjquJJW30dSdH8oMAUA3O-y1N_o8R7mb25kccl-YZxVnSOpgGAUVrmm9BUYw8Q4paFB2aY_nDxz_bdo34cwA5d0t9I2YI/s1600/gold2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD79NV8XIC_W43yVBjlJHz0es5tlKePCRA-fhsicMdDDG_hyJjquJJW30dSdH8oMAUA3O-y1N_o8R7mb25kccl-YZxVnSOpgGAUVrmm9BUYw8Q4paFB2aY_nDxz_bdo34cwA5d0t9I2YI/s1600/gold2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Apologies for the rather shaky nature of the photos, my adrenaline levels were rather high, due to indecision as to whether I should run out of the shop with it. The dirty fingernails are not unusual, but on this occasion are because I'd spent the day digging out old bits of iron and bullets the rental detector successfully found.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLGUJ6UZ3ZlCCncphZGDtbAITCdTHdWCoG2dPwYl5sB18x2qZRNYq3JYr5nHf6vzIV-Pnoj70r-HoDZxIJQ62fXRrFovhSkANzWj9JQFK4RwBWbQ6v25uZVwxhwu6d5AbJQBsl44Wzq9o/s1600/dunolly.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="700" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLGUJ6UZ3ZlCCncphZGDtbAITCdTHdWCoG2dPwYl5sB18x2qZRNYq3JYr5nHf6vzIV-Pnoj70r-HoDZxIJQ62fXRrFovhSkANzWj9JQFK4RwBWbQ6v25uZVwxhwu6d5AbJQBsl44Wzq9o/s1600/dunolly.jpg" /></a></div>
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Location of Dunolly (blue arrow)</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Large gold nuggets are still being found near Dunolly, this magnificent 4.3kg</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> example found in December 2016 by bin-man Syd Pearson -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As far as Dunolly gold is concerned, Syd's nugget is huge compared with my modest specimen, but tiny compared to <b>The Welcome Stranger</b>. Found near Dunolly in 1869, the 97.14 kg monster is described in <i>"The Gold Fields and Mineral Districts of Victoria"</i> b</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">y Robert Brough Smyth, 1869 -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The following from <i>"The Gold Fields of Victoria in 1862"</i> b</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">y J. A. Patterson -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The Micro-Welcome Stranger Nugget</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This specimen is part of my gold collection, s</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ee </span><u style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/diverse-native-gold-specimens.html">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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Exact Drawing (made with Camera Obscura) of the Horizontal Boring Machine in Woolwich Royal Brass Foundry, approx 1778</div>
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A <b>Carcharodon carcharias</b> attacking it's primary prey, <b>Penguin polyurethaneus </b>or possibly <b>Sealus plasticus</b>. Positive identification is impossible with this blurred image of the animal, as the Great White soon swallowed it. </div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-8424599448206823142018-04-05T08:02:00.000+01:002018-04-05T08:02:33.122+01:00Violent Detonation of Potassium & Hydrofluoric Acid plus the 322 Faced Fluorite Crystal of Mr Phillips<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-25134519131225674032018-04-05T00:32:00.000+01:002018-04-05T00:32:51.330+01:00Ludwig Mond on Ammonia from Coal<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ludwig Mond</b>, chemist, discovered an important, previously-unknown class of compounds called metal carbonyls. He was also well into the chemical industries, here's what he has to say about his investigations concerning the <b>production of ammonia from coal</b>, from <i>Scientific American</i> (supplement) 1889 -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">As exemplifying to a certain extent the application of methodical research to an industrial problem, I propose to bring before you to-day an account of the work I have been engaged in for many years in relation to the procuring of new and abundant supplies of ammonia, and to investigations connected therewith.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Through the classic researches of Lawes and Gilbert, who proved, in opposition to no less an authority than Liebig, that ammonia is a most valuable manure which enables us not only to maintain, but to multiply, the yield of our fields, and thus to feed on the same area a much larger number of inhabitants, the immense importance of an abundant supply of ammonia, more particularly for the Old World, with its teeming population and worn-out soil, has been apparent to every one.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">For many years Europe has paid to South America millions upon millions of pounds for ammonia in the shape of guano, and more recently, since the supply of guano practically ceased, for nitrate of soda, which effectually serves the same purpose as ammonia. During the past year South America exported 750,000 tons of nitrate, of which 650,000 went to Europe, representing a value of not less than 6,500,000l.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The problem of saving this immense expenditure to Europe, of making ourselves independent of a country so far away for the supply of a material upon which the prosperity of our agriculture - our most important industry - depends, by supplying this ammonia from sources at our own command, is certainly one of the most important which our science has to solve.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">It is more than 100 years since Berthollet ascertained that ammonia consists of nitrogen and hydrogen, two elements which we have in great abundance at our command, and innumerable attempts have been made during this century to produce this valuable product by the direct combination of the elements, as well as by indirect means. It has been equally well known that we are in possession of three abundant sources of nitrogen:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">(1.) In the shape of matter of animal origin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">(2.) In the shape of matter of vegetable origin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">(3.) In the atmosphere, which contains no less than 79 per cent. of uncombined nitrogen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In olden times ammonia was principally obtained from animal matter, originally in Egypt by the distillation of camel dung, later on from urine, and from the distillation of bones and horn. The quantity so obtained was very small and the products very expensive. The introduction of coal gas for illumination gave us a considerable and constantly increasing supply of ammonia as a by-product of the gas manufacture, and until recently all practical efforts to increase our supply of ammonia were directed toward collecting and utilizing in the best possible manner the ammonia so obtained. The immense extension of the coal gas industry all over the world has in this way put us into possession of a very considerable amount of sulphate of ammonia, amounting in Europe now to 140,000 tons per annum. In recent years this has been augmented by the ammonia obtained by the distillation of shale, by the introduction of closed ovens for the manufacture of coke, combined with apparatus for condensing the ammonia formed in this manufacture, and also by the condensation of the ammonia contained in the gases from blast furnaces working with coal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">But all these new sources have so far added only about 40,000 tons of sulphate of ammonia to our supply, making a total of 180,000 tons per annum, of which about 120,000 are produced in the United Kingdom, while we still import 650,000 tons of nitrate of soda, equivalent to 500,000 tons of sulphate of ammonia, to make up our requirements.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Many processes have from time to time been proposed to obtain ammonia from other sources. The distillation of turf, which contains upward of 3 per cent. of nitrogen, has received much attention, and a large number of inventors have endeavored to produce ammonia from the nitrogen of the air; but none of these processes has to my knowledge been successful on a manufacturing scale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">My attention was called to this subject at an early part of my career. Already, as far back as 1861, I undertook experiments to utilize, for the production of ammonia, waste leather, a waste material of animal origin at once abundant and very rich in nitrogen, containing from 12 per cent. to 15 per cent. of this element. Distillation in iron retorts yielded about half the nitrogen of this material in the form of ammonia, the carbon remaining in the retorts containing still from 6 per cent. to 8 per cent. Distillation with a moderate quantity of hydrate of lime increased the yield of ammonia only by 1 per cent. to 1½ per cent. A rather better result was obtained by distilling the ground residual carbon with hydrate of lime, but this operation proceeded very slowly, and the total yield of ammonia still remained very far below the quantity theoretically obtainable, so that I came to the conclusion that it was more rational to utilize the leather, reduced to powder by mechanical means, by mixing it directly with other manures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">A few years later I became connected with a large animal charcoal works, in which sulphate of ammonia was obtained as a by-product. Here again I was met with the fact that the yield of ammonia by no means corresponded with the nitrogen in the raw material and that the charcoal remaining in the retorts contained still about half as much nitrogen as had been present in the bones used.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">From this time forward my attention was for many years given exclusively to the soda manufacture, and it was only in 1879 that I again took up the question of ammonia. I then determined to submit the various processes which had been proposed for obtaining ammonia from the nitrogen of the air to a searching investigation, and engaged Mr. Joseph Hawliczek to carry out the experimental work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">These processes may be broadly divided into three classes:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">(1.) Processes which propose to combine nascent hydrogen with nitrogen at high temperatures or by electricity, with or without the presence of acid gases.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">(2.) Processes in which nitrides are first formed, from which ammonia is obtained by the action of hydrogen or steam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">(3.) Processes in which cyanides are first formed and the ammonia obtained from these by the action of steam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We began with an investigation of those processes in which a mixture of steam and nitrogen or of steam and air is made to act upon coke at a high temperature, sometimes in the presence of lime, baryta, or an alkali, sometimes in the presence of hydrochloric acid.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Very numerous patents have been taken out in this direction and there is no doubt that ammonia has been obtained by these processes by many inventors, but as I was aware that coke contains a considerable quantity of nitrogen, frequently as much as 1.5 per cent., which might be the source of the ammonia obtained, I determined to carry on the investigation in such a way as to make quite certain whether we obtained the ammonia from the coke or from the nitrogen of the atmosphere, or from both. For this purpose we made for every experiment carried on by a mixture of nitrogen or air with steam another experiment with steam alone, carefully excluding nitrogen from the apparatus. A very large number of experiments carried on at carefully determined temperatures, ranging from 500° to 1,200°C., and in which the directions given by the various inventors were most carefully observed, all led to the same result, viz., that the quantities of ammonia obtained were the same whether nitrogen was introduced into the apparatus with the steam or whether steam alone was used, thus proving conclusively that the ammonia obtained was derived from the nitrogen contained in the coke.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Further, on carefully determining the nitrogen in the coke used, it was found that the quantity of ammonia we had obtained in burning coke in a current of nitrogen and steam very nearly corresponded with the total nitrogen in the coke, so that we subsequently made our nitrogen determinations in the coke by simply burning it in a current of steam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">A process belonging to this class, proposed by Hugo Fleck, in which a mixture of carbonic oxide, steam, and nitrogen is made to pass over lime at a moderate red heat in order to obtain ammonia, was also carefully tried. It was claimed for this process that it produced nascent hydrogen at temperatures at which the ammonia is not dissociated, and for this reason succeeded where others had failed. We found that a considerable amount of hydrogen was obtained in this way at a temperature not exceeding 350°C., and that the reaction was nearly complete at 500°C.; but although we tried many experiments over a great range of temperatures, we never obtained a trace of ammonia by this process.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Among experiments with processes of the second class, based upon the formation of nitrides and their subsequent decomposition, the nitrides of boron and titanium had received most attention from inventors. The nitride of boron, which is obtained by treating boracic acid with carbon in the presence of nitrogen, when acted upon by steam, forms boracic acid again and yields the whole of its nitrogen in the form of ammonia, but the high temperature at which the first reaction takes place, and the volatility of boracic acid in a current of steam, make it impossible to utilize this reaction industrially.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">There seemed to be a better chance for a process patented by M. Tessier du Mothay, who proposed to bring a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen into contact with titanium nitride and thus to form ammonia continuously. Titanium is the only element of which we know at present several combinations with nitrogen, and the higher of these does, on being acted upon by a current of hydrogen at an elevated temperature, produce ammonia and a lower nitride of titanium; but this lower nitride does not absorb nitrogen under any of the conditions under which we tried it, which explains the fact that if we passed a current of hydrogen and nitrogen over the higher nitride, we at first obtained a quantity of ammonia corresponding to the quantity which the nitride would give with hydrogen alone, but that the formation of ammonia then ceased completely.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Thus far we had quite failed to get the nitrogen of the air into action.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">With the third class of processes, however, based upon the formation in the first instance of cyanides, we found by our very first experiments that the nitrogen of the atmosphere can be easily led into combination. A few experiments showed that the cyanide of barium was much more readily formed than any other cyanide; so we gave our full attention from this time to the process for obtaining ammonia by means of cyanide of barium invented by MM. Margueritte and Sourdeval. This process consists in heating a mixture of carbonate of barium with carbon in the presence of nitrogen, and subsequently treating the cyanide of barium produced with steam, thus producing ammonia and regenerating the carbonate of barium. A great difficulty in this process is that the carbonate of barium fuses at high temperatures, and when fused attacks fireclay goods very powerfully.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We found that this can be overcome by mixing the carbonate of barium with a sufficient quantity of carbon and a small quantity of pitch, and that in this way balls can be made which will not fuse, so that they can be treated in a continuous apparatus in which the broken briquettes can be charged from the top, and after treatment can be withdrawn from the bottom.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We found that the formation of cyanides required a temperature of at least 1,200° C., and proceeded most readily at 1,400° C., temperatures which, although difficult to attain, are still quite within the range of practical working, and we found no difficulty in obtaining a product containing 30 per cent. of barium cyanide, corresponding to a conversion into cyanide of 40 per cent. of the barium present.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We found, however, that the cyanide when exposed to the atmosphere at a temperature above 300° C. is readily destroyed under reformation of carbonate of barium, so that it is absolutely necessary to cool it down to this temperature before exposing it to the atmosphere, a fact of great importance that had hitherto been overlooked.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The operation for producing ammonia and regenerating the carbonate of barium by acting upon the cyanide with steam offers no difficulty whatever, and if the temperature is not allowed to exceed 500° C., the results are quantitative. The regenerated carbonate of barium acts actually better than the ground witherite used in the first instance, and if care is taken that no impurities are introduced by the pitch which is used to remake the briquettes and to replace the small amount of carbon consumed at each operation, I see no reason why it should not continue to act for a very long time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The cyanide is not acted on by carbonic oxide, but carbonic acid destroys it at high temperatures, so that it is not possible to produce it by heating the briquettes directly in a flame free from oxygen, but containing carbonic acid. The process has, therefore, to be carried out in closed vessels, and I designed for this purpose the following apparatus:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Clay retorts of moderate dimensions and thin walls are placed vertically in a furnace, passing through the hearth as well as through the arch of the furnace. These are joined at the bottom to cast iron retorts of the same shape as the earthenware retort. Through a cast iron mouthpiece on the top of the retort the material was introduced, while in the cast iron retort below the material was cooled to the necessary temperature by radiation and by the cold nitrogen gas introduced into the bottom of it. The lower end of the cast iron retort was furnished with an arrangement for taking out from time to time small quantities of the material, while fresh material was in the same proportion fed in at the top. As a source of nitrogen I used the gases escaping from the carbonating towers of the ammonia-soda process. The formation of cyanide of barium from barium carbonate, carbon, and nitrogen absorbs a very large amount of heat - no less than 97,000 calories per equivalent of the cyanide formed - which heat has to be transmitted through the walls of the retort.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I therefore considered it necessary to use retorts with very thin walls, but I did not succeed in obtaining retorts of this description which would resist the very high temperatures which the process requires, and for this reason I abandoned these experiments. I was at that time not acquainted with the excellent quality of clay retorts used in zinc works, with which I have since experimented for a different purpose. I have no doubt that with such retorts the production of cyanides by this process can be carried out without great difficulty.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I believe that the process will prove remunerative for the manufacture of cyanogen products, which, if produced more cheaply, may in the future play an important role in organic synthesis, in the extraction of noble metals, and possibly other chemical and metallurgical operations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The process certainly also offers a solution of the problem of obtaining ammonia from the nitrogen of the atmosphere, but whether this can be done with satisfactory commercial results is a question I cannot at present answer, as I have not been able to secure the data for making the necessary calculations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I am the more doubtful about this point, as in the course of our investigations I have found means to produce ammonia at small cost and in great abundance from the immense store of combined nitrogen which we possess in our coal fields.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Among the processes for obtaining ammonia from the nitrogen of the air which we investigated, was one apparently of great simplicity, patented by Messrs. Rickman and Thompson. These gentlemen state that by passing air and steam through a deep coal fire, the nitrogen so passed through is to a certain extent converted into ammonia. In investigating this statement we found that the process described certainly yields a considerable quantity of ammonia, but when we burned the same coal at a moderate temperature by means of steam alone in a tube heated from the outside, we obtained twice as much ammonia as we had done by burning it with a mixture of air and steam, proving in this case, as in all others, the source of the ammonia to have been the nitrogen contained in the coal. The quantity of ammonia obtained was, however, so large that I determined to follow up this experience, and at once commenced experiments on a semi-manufacturing scale to ascertain whether they would lead to practical and economic results.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I came to the conclusion that burning coal by steam alone at a temperature at which the ammonia formed should not be dissociated, although it yielded more ammonia, would not lead to an economic process, because it would require apparatus heated from the outside, of great complication, bulk, and costliness, on account of the immense quantity of raw material to be treated for a small amount of ammonia obtainable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">On the other hand, if the coal could be burned in gas producers by a mixture of air and steam, the plant and working of it would be simple and inexpensive, the gas obtained could be utilized in the same way as ordinary producer gas, and would pay to a large extent for the coal used in the operation, so that although only one-half of the ammonia would be obtained, it seemed probable that the result would be economical.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I consequently constructed gas producers and absorbing plant of various designs and carried on experiments for a number of years. These experiments were superintended by Mr. G. H. Beckett, Dr. Carl Markel, and, during the last four years, by Dr. Adolf Staub, to whose zeal and energy I am much indebted for the success that has been achieved. The object of these experiments was to determine the most favorable conditions for the economic working of the process with respect to both the cost of manufacture as well as the first cost and simplicity of plant. The cost of manufacture depends mainly upon the yield of ammonia, as the expenses remain almost the same whether a large or a small amount of ammonia is obtained; the only other item of importance is the quantity of steam used in the process. We found the yield of ammonia to vary with the temperature at which the producer was working, and to be highest when the producer was worked as cool as was compatible with a good combustion of the fuel. The temperature again depended upon the amount of steam introduced into the producer, and of course decreased the more steam increased. We obtained the best practical results by introducing about two tons of steam for every ton of fuel consumed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We experimented upon numerous kinds of fuel, common slack and burgy of the Lancashire, Staffordshire, and Nottinghamshire districts. We found not much difference in the amount of nitrogen contained in these fuels, which varied between 1.2 and 1.6 per cent., nor did we find much difference in the ammonia obtained from these fuels if worked under similar conditions. Employing the quantity of steam just named we recovered about half the nitrogen in the form of ammonia, yielding on an average 0.8 per cent. of ammonia, equal to 32 kilos, of sulphate per ton of fuel. In order to obtain regular results we found it necessary to work with a great depth of fuel in the producers, so that slight irregularities in the working would not affect results. Open burning kinds of slack do of course work with the greater ease, but there is no difficulty in using a caking fuel, as the low temperature at which the producers work prevents clinkering and diminishes the tendency of such fuels to cake together.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The quantity of steam thus required to obtain a good yield of ammonia is rather considerable, and threatened to become a serious item of expense. Only one-third of this steam is decomposed, in its passage through the producer, and two-thirds remain mixed with the gases which leave the producer. My endeavors were consequently directed toward finding means to recover this steam, and to return it to the producers, and also to utilize the heat of the gases which leave the producers with a temperature of 450° to 500° C., for raising steam for the same purpose. The difficulties in the way of attaining this end and at the same time of recovering, in a simple manner, the small amount of ammonia contained in the immense volume of gas we have to deal with, were very great. We obtain from one ton of coal 160,000 cubic feet of dry gas at 0° C. and atmospheric pressure. The steam mixed with this gas as it leaves the producer adds another 80,000 cubic feet to this, and the large amount of latent heat in this quantity of steam makes the problem still more difficult.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The application of cooling arrangements, such as have been successfully applied to blast furnace gases, in which there is no steam present, and which depend upon the cooling through the metallic sides of the apparatus, is here practically out of the question. After trying a number of different kinds of apparatus, I have succeeded in solving the problem in the following way:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The gases issuing from the producers are led through a rectangular chamber partly filled with water, which is thrown up in a fine spray by revolving beaters so as to fill the whole area of the chamber. This water, of course, becomes hot; a certain quantity of it evaporates, the spray produced washes all dust and soot out of the gases, and also condenses the fixed ammonia. The water thus becomes, to a certain degree, saturated with ammonia salts, and a certain portion of it is regularly removed from the chamber and distilled with lime to recover the ammonia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Longitudinal Section of Plant for obtaining Ammonia from Gas Producers</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cross Section through Gas Producers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">This chamber is provided with water lutes, through which the tar condensed in it is from time to time removed. From this chamber the gases, which are now cooled down to about 100° C., and are loaded with a large amount of water vapor, are passed through a scrubber filled with perforated bricks, in which the ammonia contained in the gases is absorbed by sulphuric acid. In this scrubber a fairly concentrated solution of sulphate of ammonia containing 36 to 38 per cent. is used, to which a small quantity of sulphuric acid is added, so that the liquid leaving the scrubber contains only 2.5 per cent. of free acid. This is necessary, as a liquid containing more acid would act upon the tarry matter and produce a very dark-colored solution. The liquid running from the scrubber is passed through a separator in which the solution of sulphate of ammonia separates from the tar. The greater portion of the clear liquid is, after adding a fresh quantity of acid to it, pumped back through the scrubber. A certain portion of it is, after treatment with a small quantity of heavy tar oils, which take the tarry matter dissolved in it out, evaporated in conical lead-lined pans furnished with lead steam coils, and which are kept constantly filled by the addition of fresh liquor until the whole mass is thick.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">This is then run out on a strainer and yields, after draining and washing with a little water, a sulphate of ammonia of very fair quality, which finds a ready sale. The mother liquor, which contains all the free acid, is pumped back to the scrubber.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The gas on entering this scrubber contains only 0.13 volume per cent. of ammonia, and on leaving the scrubber it contains not more than one-tenth of this quantity. Its temperature has been reduced to 80° C., and is fully saturated with moisture, so that practically no condensation of water takes place in the scrubber. The gas is next passed through a second scrubber filled with perforated wood blocks. In this it meets with a current of cold water which condenses the steam, the water being thereby heated to about 78° C. In this scrubber the gas is cooled down to about 40°-50° C., and passes from it to the gas main leading to the various places where it is to be consumed. The hot water obtained in this second scrubber is passed through a vessel suitably constructed for separating the tar which is mixed with it, and is then pumped through a third scrubber, through which, in an opposite direction to the hot water, cold air is passed. This is forced by means of a Roots blower through the scrubber into the producer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The air gets heated to about 76° C. and saturated with moisture at that temperature by its contact with the hot water, and the water leaves this third scrubber cold enough to be pumped back through the second scrubber. The same quantity of water is thus constantly used for condensing the water vapor in one scrubber and giving it up to the air in the other. In this way we recover and return to the producer fully two-thirds of the steam which has been originally introduced, so that we have to add to the air, which has thus been loaded with moisture, an additional quantity of steam equal to only one-third of the total quantity required before it enters the producer. This additional quantity of steam, which amounts to 0.6 ton of steam for every ton of fuel burnt, we obtain as exhaust steam from the engines driving the blowers and pumps required for working the plant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The gas producers which I prefer to use are of rectangular shape, so that a number of them can be put into a row. They are six feet wide and 12 feet long inside. The air is introduced and the ashes removed at the two small sides of the producer which taper toward the middle and are closed at the bottom by a water lute of sufficient depth for the pressure under which the air is forced in, equal to about 4 inches of water. The ashes are taken out from underneath the water, the producers having no grate or fire bars at all. The air enters just above the level of the water through a pipe connected with the blower. These small sides of the producer rest upon cast iron plates lined to a certain height with brickwork, and this brickwork is carried by horizontal cast iron plates above the air entrance. In this way a chamber is formed of triangular shape, one side of which is closed by the ashes, and thus the air is distributed over the whole width of the producer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The gas is taken out in the middle of the top of the producer by an iron pipe, and fuel charged in by hoppers on both sides of this pipe. Between the pipe and the hoppers two hanging arches are put into the producers a certain distance down, and the fuel is kept above the bottom level of these hanging arches. This compels the products of distillation, produced when fresh fuel is charged in, to pass through the incandescent fuel between the two hanging arches, whereby the tarry products are to a considerable extent converted into permanent gas, and the coal dust arising from the charging is kept back in the producer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The details of construction of this plant will be easily understood by reference to the diagrams before you.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The fuel we use is a common kind of slack, and contains, on an average, 33.5 per cent. of volatile matter, including water, and 11.5 per cent. of ashes, leaving 55 per cent. of non-volatile carbon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The cinders which we take out of the producer contain, on an average, 33 per cent. of carbon. Of this we recover about one-half by riddling or picking, which we return to the producer. The amount of unburnt carbon lost in the cinders is thus not more than 3 per cent. to 4 per cent. on the weight of fuel used.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The gas we obtain contains, in a dry state, on an average, 15 per cent. of carbonic acid, 10 per cent. of carbonic oxide, 23 per cent. of hydrogen, 3 per cent. of hydrocarbons, and 49 per cent. of nitrogen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The caloric value of this gas is very nearly equal to 73 per cent. of the caloric value of the fuel used, but in using this gas for heating purposes, such as raising steam or making salt, we utilize the heat it can give very much better than in burning fuel, as we can completely burn it with almost the theoretical quantity of air, so that the products of combustion resulting do not contain more than 1 to 2 per cent. of free oxygen. Consequently the heat escaping into the chimney is very much less than when fuel is burnt direct, and we arrive at evaporating, by means of the gas, 85 per cent. of the water that we would evaporate by burning the fuel direct, in ordinary fireplaces.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We have, however, to use a certain quantity of steam in the producers and in evaporating the sulphate of ammonia liquors, which has to be deducted from the steam that can be raised by the gas in order to get at the quantity of available steam therefrom obtainable. The former amounts, as already stated, to 0.6 ton, the latter to 0.1 ton of steam per ton of fuel burnt, making a total of 0.7 ton. The gas obtained from one ton of fuel evaporates 5.8 tons of water in good steam boilers, working at a rate of evaporation of 50 to 55 tons per 24 hours under 90 lb. pressure. Deducting from this the 0.7 ton necessary for working the plant leaves an available amount of steam raised by the gas from one ton of fuel of 5.1 tons, equal to 75 per cent. of the steam that we can obtain from the same fuel by hand firing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In addition to the gas, we obtain about 3 per cent. of tar from the fuel. This tar is very thick, and of little commercial value. It contains only 4 per cent. of oils volatile below 200° C., and 38 per cent. of oils of a higher boiling point, consisting mostly of creosote oils very similar to those obtained from blast furnaces; and only small quantities of anthracene and paraffin wax.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I have made no attempts to utilize this tar except as fuel. It evaporates nearly twice as much water as its weight of coal, and we have thus to add its evaporative efficiency to that of the gas given above, leading to a total of about 80 per cent. of the evaporative efficiency of the fuel used in the producers. The loss involved in gasifying the fuel to recover the ammonia therefrom amounts thus to 20 per cent. of the fuel used. This means that, where we have now to burn 100 tons of fuel, we shall have to burn 125 tons in the producers in order to obtain ammonia equal to about half the nitrogen contained therein. Our actual yield of ammonia on a large scale amounting on an average to 32 kilos., equal to 70.6 lb. per ton of fuel, 125 tons of fuel will turn out 4 tons of sulphate of ammonia. We thus consume 6.25 tons of fuel for every ton of sulphate obtained, or nearly the same quantity as is used in producing a ton of caustic soda by the Le Blanc process - a product not more than half the value of ammonium sulphate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">At present prices in Northwich this fuel represents a value of 35s. If we add to this the extra cost of labor over and above the cost of burning fuel in ordinary fireplaces, the cost of sulphuric acid, bags, etc., we come to a total of 4l. 10s. to 5l. per ton of sulphate of ammonia, which at the present selling price of this article, say 12l. per ton, leaves, after a liberal allowance for wear and tear of plant, an ample margin of profit. With a rise in the price of fuel, this margin, however, rapidly decreases, and the working of the process will, of course, be much more expensive on a small scale, as will also be the cost of the plant, which under all circumstances is very considerable. The great advantages incidental to this process over and above the profit arising from the manufacture of sulphate of ammonia, viz., the absolute impossibility of producing smoke and the great regularity of the heating resulting from the use of gas, are, therefore, as far as I can see for the present, only available for large consumers of cheap fuel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We have tried many experiments to produce hydrochloric acid in the producers, with the hope of thereby increasing the yield of ammonia, as it is well known that ammonium chloride vapor, although it consists of a mixture of ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid gas, is not at all dissociated at temperatures at which the dissociation of ammonia alone has already taken place to a considerable extent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I had also hoped that I might in this way produce the acid necessary to combine with the ammonia at very small cost. For this purpose we moistened the fuel used with concentrated brine, and also with the waste liquors from the ammonia soda manufacture, consisting mainly of chloride of calcium; and we also introduced with the fuel balls made by mixing very concentrated chloride of calcium solution with clay, which allowed us to produce a larger quantity of hydrochloric acid in the producer than by the other methods.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We did in this way succeed in producing hydrochloric acid sometimes less and sometimes more than was necessary to combine with the ammonia, but we did not succeed in producing with regularity the exact amount of acid necessary to neutralize the ammonia. When the ammonia was in excess, we had therefore to use sulphuric acid as before to absorb this excess, and we were never certain that sometimes the hydrochloric acid might not be in excess, which would have necessitated to construct the whole plant so that it could have resisted the action of weak hydrochloric acid - a difficulty which I have not ventured to attack. The yield of ammonia was not in any case increased by the presence of the hydrochloric acid. This explains itself if we consider that there is only a very small amount of ammonia and hydrochloric acid diffused through a very large volume of other gases, so that the very peculiar protective action which the hydrochloric acid does exercise in retarding the dissociation of ammonia in ammonium chloride vapor, where an atom of ammonia is always in contact with an atom of hydrochloric acid, will be diminished almost to zero in such a dilute gas where the atoms of hydrochloric acid and ammonia will only rarely come into immediate contact with each other.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">When we burnt coke by a mixture of air and steam in presence of a large excess of hydrochloric acid, the yield of ammonia certainly was thereby considerably increased, but such a large excess cannot be used on an industrial scale. I have therefore for the present to rest satisfied with obtaining only half the nitrogen contained in the fuel in the form of ammonia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The enormous consumption of fuel in this country - amounting to no less than 150 million tons per annum - would at this rate yield as much as five million tons of sulphate of ammonia a year, so that if only one-tenth of this fuel would be treated by the process, England alone could supply the whole of the nitrogenous compounds, sulphate of ammonia, and nitrate of soda at present consumed by the Old World. As the process is especially profitable for large consumers of fuel situated in districts where fuel is cheap, it seems to me particularly suitable to be adopted in this country. It promises to give England the privilege of supplying the Old World with this all-important fertilizer, and while yielding a fair profit to the invested capital and finding employment for a considerable number of men, to make us, last not least, independent of the New World for our supply of so indispensable a commodity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Before leaving my subject, I will, if you will allow me, give you in a few words a description of two other inventions which have been the outcome of this research. While looking one day at the beautiful, almost colorless, flame of the producer gas burning under one of our boilers, it occurred to me that a gas so rich in hydrogen might be turned to better use, and that it might be possible to convert it direct into electricity by means of a gas battery.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">You all know that Lord Justice Grove showed, now fifty years ago, that two strips of platinum partly immersed in dilute sulphuric acid, one of which is in contact with hydrogen and the other with oxygen, produce electricity. I will not detain you with the many and varied forms of gas batteries which Dr. Carl Langer (to whom I intrusted this investigation) has made and tried during the last four years, in order to arrive at the construction of a gas battery which would give a practical result, but I will call your attention to the battery before me on the table, which is the last result of our extended labors in this direction, and which we hope will mark a great step in advance in the economic production of electricity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The distinguishing feature of this battery is that the electrolyte is not employed as a mobile liquid, but in a quasi-solid form, and it is, therefore, named dry gas battery. It consists of a number of elements, which are formed of a porous diaphragm of a non-conducting material (in this instance plaster of Paris), which is impregnated with dilute sulphuric acid. Both sides of this diaphragm are covered with very fine platinum leaf perforated with very numerous small holes, and over this a thin film of platinum black. Both these coatings are in contact with frameworks of lead and antimony, insulated one from the other, which conduct the electricity to the poles of the battery.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">A number of these elements are placed side by side, with non-conducting frames intervening, so as to form chambers through which the hydrogen gas is passed along one side of the element and air along the other.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">This peculiar construction allows us to get a very large amount of duty from a very small amount of platinum. One of the batteries before you, consisting of seven elements, with a total effective surface of half a square meter, contains 2½ grammes of platinum leaf and 7 grammes of platinum black, a total of 9½ grammes of platinum, and produces a current of 2 amperes and 5 volts, or 10 watts, when the outer resistance is properly adjusted. This current is equal to nearly 50 per cent. of the total energy obtainable from the hydrogen absorbed in the battery.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In order to maintain a constant current, we have from time to time (say once an hour) to interchange the gases, so as to counteract the disturbing influence produced by the transport of the sulphuric acid gas from one side of the diaphragm to the other. This operation can easily be performed automatically by a commutator worked by a clock.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The water produced in the battery by the oxidation of the hydrogen is carried off by the inert gas mixed with the hydrogen, and by the air, of which we use a certain excess for this purpose. This is important, as if the platinum black becomes wet, it loses its absorbing power for the gases almost completely and stops the work of the battery. To avoid this was in fact the great difficulty in designing a powerful gas battery, and all previous constructions which employed the electrolyte as a mobile liquid failed in consequence.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The results obtained by our battery are practically the same whether pure oxygen and hydrogen or air and gases containing 25 per cent. of hydrogen are used; but we found that the latter gases must be practically free from carbonic oxide and hydrocarbons, which both interfere very much with the absorbing power of the platinum black.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We had thus to find a cheap method of eliminating these two gases from the producer gas, and converting them at the same time into their equivalent of hydrogen. The processes hitherto known for this purpose, viz., passing a mixture of such gases with steam over lime (which I mentioned some time ago) or over oxide of iron or manganese, require high temperatures, which render them expensive, and the latter do not effect the reaction to a sufficient extent for our purpose.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We have succeeded in attaining our object at a temperature below that at which the gases leave my producers, viz., at 350° C. to 450° C., by passing the producer gases, still containing a considerable excess of steam, over metallic nickel or cobalt. These metals have the extraordinary property of decomposing almost completely, even at the low temperature named, carbonic oxide into carbon and carbonic acid and hydrocarbons into carbon and hydrogen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In order to carry the process out with small quantities of nickel and cobalt, we impregnate pumice stone or similar material with a salt of nickel or cobalt, and reduce this by means of hydrogen or producer gas. These pieces of pumice stone are filled into a retort or chamber and the hot gases passed through them. As the reaction produces heat, it is not necessary to heat the chambers or retorts from the outside when the necessary temperature has once been attained. This process has not yet been carried out on a large scale, but the laboratory experiments have been so satisfactory that we have no doubt as to its complete success. It will enable us to obtain gases containing 36 per cent. to 40 per cent. of hydrogen and practically free from carbonic oxide and hydrocarbons from producer gas at a very small cost, and thus to make the latter suitable for the production of electricity by our gas battery. We obtain, as stated before, 50 per cent. of the energy in the hydrogen absorbed in the battery in the form of electricity, while, if the same gas was consumed under steam boilers to make steam, which, as I have shown before, could in this way be raised cheaper than by burning fuel direct, and if this steam was turned into motive power by first-rate steam engines, and the motive power converted into electricity by a dynamo, the yield of electricity would in the most favorable case not exceed 8 per cent. of the energy in the gas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I hope that this kind of battery will one day enable us to perform chemical operations by electricity on the largest scale, and to press this potent power into the service of the chemical industries.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The statement is frequently made that "Necessity is the mother of invention." If this has been the case in the past, I think it is no longer so in our days, since science has made us acquainted with the correlation of forces, teaching us what amount of energy we utilize and how much we waste in our various methods for attaining certain objects, and indicating to us where and in what direction and how far improvement is possible; and since the increase in our knowledge of the properties of matter enables us to form an opinion beforehand as to the substances we have available for obtaining a desired result.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We can now foresee, in most cases, in what direction progress in technology will move, and in consequence the inventor is now frequently in advance of the wants of his time. He may even create new wants, to my mind a distinct step in the development of human culture. It can then no longer be stated that "Necessity is the mother of invention;" but I think it may truly be said that the steady, methodical investigation of natural phenomena is the father of industrial progress.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sir Lowthian Bell, Bart., F.R.S., in moving a vote of thanks, said that the meeting had had the privilege of listening to a description of results obtained by a man of exceptional intelligence and learning, supplemented by that devotion of mind which qualified him to pursue his work with great energy and perseverance. The importance of the president's address could not possibly be overrated. At various periods different substances had been put forward as indications of the civilization of the people. He remembered hearing from Dr. Ure that he considered the consumption of sulphuric acid to be the most accurate measure of the civilization of the people.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In course of time sulphuric acid gave way to soap, the consumption of which was probably still regarded as the great exponent of civilization by such of his fellow citizens as had thereby made their name. From what he had heard that morning, however, he should be inclined to make soap yield to ammonia, as sulphuric acid had in its time succumbed to soap. For not only was ammonia of great importance to us as a manufacturing nation, but it almost appeared to be a condition of our existence. England had a large population concentrated on an area so small as to make it almost a matter of apprehension whether the surface could maintain the people upon it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We were now importing almost as much food as we consumed, and were thus more and more dependent on the foreigner. Under certain conditions this would become a very serious matter, and thus any one who showed how to produce plenty of ammonia at a cheap rate was a benefactor to his country. Mr. Mond's process seemed to come nearer to success than any which had preceded it, and it needed no words from him to induce the meeting to accord a hearty vote of thanks to the president for his admirable paper.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Mr. J. C. Stevenson, M.P., in seconding the motion, said that no paper could be more interesting and valuable to the society than that delivered by the president. It opened out a future for the advancement of chemical industry which almost overcame one by the greatness of its possibilities. Mr. Mond had performed an invaluable service by investigating the various methods proposed for the manufacture of ammonia, and clearing the decks of those processes supposed by their inventors to be valuable, but proved by him to be delusive. It gave him hearty pleasure therefore to second the vote of thanks proposed by Sir Lowthian Bell.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">A paper read at the annual general meeting of the <i>Society of Chemical Industry</i>, London, July 10, 1889.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-61342307369691974822018-04-04T21:03:00.001+01:002018-04-04T21:03:35.076+01:00Sulphur Mines In Sicily 1888<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<b>Sulphur on celestine</b></div>
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Agrigento (Girgenti), Agrigento Province, Sicily</div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>United States Consular Reports. Special Issue No. 10</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">By <b>Phillip Carroll</b>, U. S. Consul, Palermo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sulphur, or brimstone, is a hard, brittle substance of various colors, from brilliant yellow to dark brown, without smell when cool, of a mild taste, and burns with a pale blue flame, emitting pungent and suffocating fumes. Its specific gravity is from 1.9 to 2.1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sulphur exists more or less in all known countries, but the island of Sicily, it is thought, is the only place where it is produced on a large scale, and consequently that island appears to command the market. Small quantities have been found in the north of Italy, the Grecian Archipelago, Russia, Austria, Poland, France, Spain, eastern shores of Egypt, Tunis, Iceland, Brazil, Central America, and the United States. Large quantities are said to exist in various countries of Asia, but it is understood to be impracticable to utilize the same, consequent upon the distance from any commercial port and the absence of rail or other roads.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sulphur is of two kinds, one of which is of volcanic emanation, the other being closely allied to sedimentary rocks. The latter is found in Sicily, on the southern and central portions of the island. Mount Etna, situated in the east, seems to exert no influence in the formation of brimstone. There are various hypotheses relative to its natural formation. Dr. Philip Swarzenburg attributes it to the emanations of sulphur vapor expelled from metallic matter existing in the earth, consequent upon the fire in the latter, while Professors Hoffman and Bischoff ascribe it to the decomposition of sulphureted hydrogen. Hoffman believes the sulphureted hydrogen must have passed through the fissures of stratified rocks, but Bischoff is of opinion that the sulphureted hydrogen must have been the result of the decomposition of sulphate of lime in the presence of organic matter. The theory of others is that sulphur owes its origin to the combination of lacustrine deposits with vegetable matter, and others again suppose that it is due to the action of the sea upon animal remains. The huge banks of rock salt often met with in the vicinity of sulphur mines, and which in some places stretch for a distance of several miles, seem to indicate that the sea has worked its way into the subsoil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Fish and insects, which are frequently found in strata of tripoli, which lie under sulphur beds, induce the belief that lakes formerly existed in Sicily.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The following is a list of the various strata which form part of the crust of the earth in Sicily, according to Professor Mottura, an Italian geologist:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Pliocene</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sandstone; coarse calcareous rock; marl.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Upper Miocene</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Calcareous marl; gypsum, etc.; sulphur embedded in calcareous limestone; silicious limestone; tripoli, containing fossils of fish, insects' eggs, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Middle Miocene</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sandstone containing quartz, intercalated with marl of a saltish taste.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Lower Miocene</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Rock salt; blue marl, containing petroleum and bitumen; flintstone; ferruginous clay, mixed with aragonite and bituminous schists; ferruginous and silicious sandstone.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Eocene</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Limestone, containing diaspores and shells.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">At times one or another of the strata disappears, while the order of some is slightly reversed on account of the broken state of the crust. Upon the whole, however, the above has been generally observed in the various mines by the author referred to.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sulphur mines have been operated in Sicily over three hundred years, but until the year 1820 its exportation was confined to narrow limits. At present the number of mines existing in Sicily is about three hundred, nearly two hundred of which, being operated on credit, are, it is understood, destined to an early demise. It is said that there are about 30,000,000 tons of sulphur in Sicily at present, and that the annual production amounts to about 400,000 tons. If this should be true, taking the foregoing as a basis, the supply will become exhausted in about seventy-five years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In 1819 a law was passed in Italy, which is still in force, governing mining in Sicily, which provides that should a land owner discover ore in his property he would be the owner thereof, and should have the right to mine, operate, or rent the property to others for that purpose, but if he should decline to operate his mines or to rent them to others to be operated, the state would rent them on its own account.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Royalties vary from 12 to 45 per cent. They are paid according to the quality of the ore and the facilities for producing sulphur; 25 per cent. may, however, be taken as an average. There is a land tax of 36 per cent. of the net income, which is usually paid by the owners and lessees of the mines, in proportion to the quantity of sulphur which they produce. The export duty is 10 lire per ton. All mines are inspected by government officials once a year, and the owners are required to furnish the state with plans of the works and their progress, with a view to insure the safety of the workmen and to ascertain the extent of the property.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Those who rent their mines receive from 10 to 40 per cent. of the sulphur produced. Leases are valid for such period as the contracting parties may stipulate therein. The general limit, however, is nine years. The average lease is 25 per cent., 40 per cent. being paid only when the mines are very favorably situated and the production good. Some lessees prefer paying a considerable sum in cash in advance, at the beginning of the term of the lease, and giving 15 or 20 per cent. in sulphur annually thereafter, instead of a higher percentage.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The external indications of the presence of sulphur are the appearance of gypsum and sulphurous springs. These are indubitable signs of the presence of sulphur, and when discovered the process resorted to here, in order to reach the sulphur, is to bore a hole sufficiently large to admit a man, after which steps are constructed in the passage in order to facilitate the workmen in going to and fro. These steps extend across the passage, and are about 25 centimeters high and 35 broad. The inclination of the holes or passages varies from 30 to 50 degrees. Upon attaining the depth of several meters water is often met with, and in such considerable quantity that it is impossible to proceed. Hence it becomes necessary to either pump the water out or retreat in order to bore elsewhere. It is often necessary to bore several passages in order to discover the ore or seam of sulphur. When, however, it has been discovered the passages are made to follow its direction, whether upward or downward. As the direction of seams is in most cases irregular, that of the passages or galleries is likewise.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Where the ore is rich and the matrix yielding, the miners break it by means of pick-axes and pikes, but when such is not the case gunpowder is resorted to, the ore in this case being carried to the surface by boys. The miners detach the ore from the surrounding material, and the cavities which ensue in consequence assume the appearance of vast caves, which are here and there supported by pillars of rock and ore in order to keep them from falling or giving way. In order to strengthen the galleries sterile rock is piled upon each side and cemented with gypsum. In extensive mines, however, these supports and linings are too weak, and not infrequently, as a result, the galleries and caverns give way, occasionally causing considerable havoc among the miners. Sulphur is found from the surface to a depth of 150 meters. The difficulties met with in operating mines are numerous, and among the greatest in this category are water, land slides, irregularity of seam, deleterious gases, hardness of rocks and matrices. Of these difficulties, water is the most frequently met with. Indeed, it is always present, and renders the constant use of pumps necessary.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">At one time miners were allowed to dig where they pleased so long as sulphur was extracted, the consequence being that in groups of mines, the extent and direction of which being unknown to their respective owners, one mine often fell into or upon another, thus causing destruction to life and property. It was largely for this reason, it is understood, that the government determined to require owners and lessees of mines to furnish plans thereof to proper authority, and directed that official inspection of the mines should be made at stated periods. In order to comply with the decree of the government it became necessary to employ mining engineers to draw the plans, etc., and those employed were generally foreigners. In the system of excavation described no steam power is employed. Pumping is performed by means of primitive wooden hand pumps, and when sufficient ore has been collected it is conveyed on the backs of boys to the surface - a slow, costly, and difficult procedure. This system may, however, be suitable to small mines, but in large mines there is no economy in hand labor; indeed, much is lost in time and expense by it. For this reason steam has been introduced into the larger and more important mines.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The machinery employed is a hoisting apparatus, with a drum, around which a coil is wound, with the object of hoisting and lowering trucks in vertical shafts. Steam pumps serve to extract the water. The force of the hoisting apparatus varies from 15 to 50 horse power. The fuel consumed is English and French coal, the former being preferred, as it engenders greater heat. The cost of a ton of coal at the wharf is $4.40, whereas in the interior of the island it costs about $10. The shafts or pits are made in the ordinary way, great care being taken in lining them with masonry in order to guard against land slides. In level portions of the country vertical shafts are preferred, but where the mine is situated upon a hill a debouch may often be found below the sulphur seam, when an inclined plane is preferred, the ore being placed in trucks and allowed to run down the plane on rails until it reaches the exterior of the mine, where it suddenly and violently stops, and as a result the trucks are emptied of their load, when they are drawn up the plane to be refilled; and thus the process goes on indefinitely. In these mines a gutter is made in the inclined plane which carries off the water, thus dispensing with the necessity of a pump and the requisites to operate it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The galleries and inclined shafts are lined with beams of pine or larch, which are brought hither from Sardinia, as Sicily possesses very little timber. The mines are illuminated by means of iron oil lamps, the wicks of which are exposed. The lamps are imported from Germany. In certain cases an earthenware lamp, made on the island, and said to be a facsimile of those used by the Phoenicians, is employed. This lamp is made in the shape of a small bowl. It is filled with oil and a wick inserted, which hangs or extends outward, and is thus ignited, the flame being exposed to the air. Safety lamps are unknown, and those described are generally secure. Few explosions take place - only when confined carbonic hydrogen is met with in considerable quantities, and when the ventilation is not good. In this case the mine is easily ignited, and once on fire may burn for years. The only practical expedient for extinguishing the fire is to close all inlets and outlets in order to shut off the air. This, however, is difficult and takes time. Notwithstanding the closing of communications, the gases escape through the fissures and openings which obtain everywhere, and the ingress of air makes it next to impossible to extinguish the fire; hence it burns indefinitely or until the mine is exhausted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Occasionally the burning of a mine results beneficially to its owners, in that it dispenses with the necessity of smelting, and produces natural, refined sulphur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Galleries in extent are usually 1.20 by 1.80 meters, and when ore is not found and it becomes necessary to extend the galleries, laborers are paid in accordance with the progress they may make and the character of the rock, earth, etc., through which it may be necessary to cut, as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Silicious limestone</b>, 60 lire per meter; daily progress, 0.20 meter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Gypsum</b>, 50 lire per meter; daily progress, 0.30 meter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Marl</b>, 30 lire per meter; daily progress, 0.50 meter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Clay</b>, 15 lire per meter; daily progress, 1 meter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Laborers working in the ore are paid 4.30 lire per ton. This includes digging, extracting, and illumination. In some mines, however, the laborers are paid when the sulphur is fused and ready for exportation. One ton of sulphur, or its equivalent (say from 40 to 50 lire), is the amount generally paid. In mines where this system obtains the administration is only responsible for their maintenance. Each miner produces on an average about 1½ tons of ore daily, and when the works are not more than 40 meters in depth he employs one boy to assist him, two boys when they reach 60 meters, and three when under 100 meters. These boys are from seven to sixteen years of age, and are paid from 0.85 to 1.50 lire per day by the miner who employs them. They carry from 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of ore daily, or in from six to eight hours. The food consumed by miners is very meager, and consists of bread, oil, wine, or water; occasionally cheese, macaroni, and vegetables are added to the above.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Mining laborers generally can neither read nor write, and when employed in mines distant from habitations or towns, live and sleep therein, or in the open air, depending on the season or the weather. In a few mines the laborers are, however, provided with suitable dwelling places, and a relief fund is in existence for the succor of the families of those who die in the service. This fund is greatly opposed by the miners, from whose wages from 1 to 2 per cent. is deducted for its maintenance. In the absence of a fund of this character, the sick or infirm are abandoned by their companions and left to die. Generally miners are inoffensive when fairly dealt with. They are said to be indolent and dishonest as a rule. The managers of mines receive from 3,000 to 5,000 lire per annum; chief miners from 1,500 to 2,500 lire; surveyors, 700 to 1,000 lire; and weighers and clerks, from 1,000 to 2,000 lire per annum. The total number of mining laborers in Sicily is estimated at about 25,000.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The ore for fusion of the first grade as to yield contains from 20 to 25 per cent. of sulphur, that of the second grade from 15 to 20 per cent., and of the third grade 10 to 15 per cent. The usual means adopted for extracting sulphur from the ore is heat, which attains the height of 400 degrees Centigrade, smelting with the kiln, which in Sicilian dialect is called a "calcarone." The "calcarone" is capable of smelting several thousand tons of ore at a time and is operated in the open air. Part of the sulphur is burned in the process of smelting in order to liquefy the remainder. "Calcaroni" are situated as closely to the mouth of a shaft as possible, and if practicable on the side of a hill, in order that when the process of smelting is complete, the sulphur may run down the hill in channels prepared for the purpose. The shop of a "calcarone" is circular and the floor has an inclination of from 10 to 15 degrees. A design of a "calcarone" is herewith inclosed. The circular wall is made of rude stone work, cemented together with gypsum. The thickness of the wall at the back is 0.50 meter, and from this it gradually becomes thicker until in front, where it is 1 meter, when the diameter is to be 10 meters.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ksXnDHiEstxp5Gd6gvy_sJWzIYz8a6fTkmYGuO-y5gW-ADA7yxCYIJoMzCcOCZsCKwv7UOIMIjVKG7IMX0EUMLOhyFt_KUv8HDvCzsAyBilMEX1rIOTAisnwz_vj7jd6UKDpQsO_3NE/s1600/sulphur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ksXnDHiEstxp5Gd6gvy_sJWzIYz8a6fTkmYGuO-y5gW-ADA7yxCYIJoMzCcOCZsCKwv7UOIMIjVKG7IMX0EUMLOhyFt_KUv8HDvCzsAyBilMEX1rIOTAisnwz_vj7jd6UKDpQsO_3NE/s1600/sulphur.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; text-align: start;">"Un calcarone ou meule de soufre en Sicilie," </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3px;">Louis Figuier 1877</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">In front of the thickest part of the wall an opening is left, measuring 1.20 meters high and 0.25 meter broad.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Through this opening the liquid sulphur flows. Upon each side of this opening two walls are built at right angles with the circular wall, in order to strengthen the front of the kiln. These walls are 80 centimeters thick each and are roofed. A door is hinged to these walls, thus forming a small room in front of each kiln in which the keeper thereof resides from the commencement to the termination of the flow of sulphur. The inclined floor of the kiln is made of stone work and is covered with "ginesi," the name given to the refuse of a former process of smelting. The stone work is 20 centimeters thick, and the "ginesi" covering 25 centimeters, which gradually becomes thicker as it approaches its lowest extremity. The front part of the circular wall is 3.50 meters high and the back 1.80 meters. The interior of the wall is plastered with gypsum in order to render it impermeable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The cost of a "calcarone" of about 500 tons capacity is 800 lire. The capacity varies from 40 to 5,000 tons, or more, depending upon circumstances. If a mine is enabled to smelt the whole year round, the smaller "calcaroni," being more easily managed, are preferred; the inverse is the case as to the larger "calcaroni," when this is impracticable. When a "calcarone" is situated within 100 meters of a cereal farm, its operation is prohibited by law during the summer, lest the fumes of the sulphur should destroy the crop.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">When, however, the distance is greater from the farm or farms than 100 meters, smelting is permitted; but should any damage ensue to the crops as a result of the fumes, the owners of the "calcaroni" are required to liquidate it. Therefore the mines which are favorably situated smelt the entire year, and employ "calcaroni" of from 40 to 500 tons, as there is less risk of a process failing, which occasionally happens, and for the reason that the ore can be smelted as soon as it is extracted; whereas, when kilns or "calcaroni" are situated within or adjacent to the limit adverted to, they can only be operated five or six months in the year, consequent upon which the ore is necessarily stacked up all through the summer or until such time as smelting may be commenced without endangering the crops, when it becomes necessary to use "calcaroni" whose capacity amounts to several thousand tons. As intimated, these large "calcaroni" are not so manageable as those of smaller dimensions, and as a result many thousands of tons of sulphur are lost in the process of smelting, besides perhaps the loss of an entire year in labor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Again, the ore deteriorates or depreciates when long exposed to the air and rain, all of which, when practicable, render the kilns or "calcaroni" of the smaller capacity more advantageous and lucrative to those operating sulphur mines in Sicily. Smelting with a "calcarone" of 200 tons capacity consumes thirty days, one of 800 tons 60 days, and with a "calcarone" of 2,000 tons capacity from 90 to 120 days are consumed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In loading or filling the "calcaroni," the larger blocks of ore are placed at the bottom as well as against the mouth, in order to keep the lower part of the kiln as cool as possible with a view of preventing the liquid sulphur from becoming ignited as it passes down to where it makes its exit, etc. The blocks of ore thus first placed in position are, for obvious reasons, the most sterile. After the foundation is thoroughly laid the building of the "pile" is proceeded with, the larger blocks being placed in the center to form, as it were, the backbone of the pile; the smaller blocks of ore are arranged on the outside of these and in the interstices. The shape or form of the pile when completed is similar to a truncated cone, and when burning the kiln looks like a small volcano. When the kiln has been filled with ore, the whole is covered with ginesi with a view of preventing the escape of the fumes. The ore is then ignited by means of bundles of straw, impregnated or saturated with sulphur, being held above the thin portion of the top of the kiln, which is at once closed with ginesi, and the "calcarone" is left to itself for about a week. During the burning process the flames gradually descend, and the sulphur contained in the ore is melted by the heat from above.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In about seven or eight days sulphuric fumes and sublimed sulphur commence to escape, when it becomes necessary to add a new coat of ginesi to the covering and thus prevent the destruction of vegetation by the sulphur fumes. The mouth of the kiln, which has been left open in order to create a draught, is closed up about this time with gypsum plaster. When the sulphur is all liquefied it finds its way to the most depressed part of the kiln, and there, upon encountering the large sterile blocks, quite cold, already referred to, solidifies. It is again liquefied by means of burning straw, whereupon an iron trough is inserted into a mouth made in the kiln for the purpose, and the reliquefied sulphur runs into it, from which it is immediately collected into wooden moulds, called "gadite," and which have been kept cool by being submerged in water. Upon its becoming thoroughly cool the sulphur is taken out of the moulds referred to, and is now in solid blocks, each weighing about 100 weight. Two of these blocks constitute a load for a mule, and cost from 4 to 5 francs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The above is the result when the operation succeeds; but this is not always the case. At times the sulphur becomes solidified before it reaches the mouth of the kiln, because of the heat not being sufficient to keep it liquid in its passage thereto, and other misfortunes not within control, and consequent upon the use of the larger kilns, or "calcaroni."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">When the sulphur ceases to run from the kiln, the process is complete. The residue is left to cool, which consumes from one to two months. The cooling process could be accomplished in much less time by permitting the air to enter the kiln, but this would be destructive to vegetation, and even to life, consequent upon the fumes of the sulphur. The greatest heat at a given time in a kiln is calculated to be above 650 degrees Centigrade - that is, at the close of the process. This enormous heat is generally allowed to waste, whereas it is understood it could be utilized in many ways. A gentleman of the name of Gill is understood to have invented a recuperative kiln, which will, if generally adopted, utilize the heat of former processes named. A ton of ore containing about 25 per cent. of sulphur yields 300 pounds of sulphur. This is considered a good yield. When it yields 200 pounds it is considered medium, and poor when only 75 pounds. Laborers are paid 0.40 lire per ton for loading and unloading kilns, and from thirty to forty hands are employed at a time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The keeper of a kiln receives from 2 to 2.50 lire per day.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Notwithstanding the "calcarone" has many defects, it is the simplest and cheapest mode of smelting, and is preferred here to any other system requiring machinery and skilled labor to operate it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The following are the principal furnaces in use here: Durand's; Hirzel; Gill and Kayser's system of fusion; Conby Bollman process; Thomas steam process of smelting; and Robert Gill's recuperative kilns.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">There are seven qualities or grades of sulphur, viz.:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Sulphur almost chemically pure</b>, of a very bright and yellow color.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Second Best</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Slightly inferior to the first quality; bright and yellow.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Second Good</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Contains 4 to 5 per cent. of earthy matter, but is of a bright yellow.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Second Current</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Dirty yellow, containing more earthy matter than that last named.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Third Best</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Brownish yellow; this tint depends on the amount of bitumen which it contains.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Third Good</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Light brown, containing much extraneous matter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Third Current</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Brown and coarse.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">These qualities are decided by color, not by test. The difference of price is from 3 to 10 francs per ton. Manufacturers prefer the third best, because of its containing more sulphuric acid and costing less than the sulphur of better quality.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sulphur is conveyed to the seaboard by rail, in carts, or on mules or donkeys. Conveyance by cart, mule, or donkey is only resorted to when the distance is short or from mines to railroad stations. The tariff in the latter case is understood to be 1 lire per ton per mile. The railroad tariff is 0.12 per ton per kilometer; but it is contemplated, it is understood, to reduce this to 7 centimes in a short time. The price per ton of sulphur is as follows (in Lire, at towns shown):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Grade</b>. Empedocle.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Licata.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Catania.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Second best<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 86.60<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>87.00<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>90.70</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Second good<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 84.42<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>84.50<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>90.30</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Second current<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>83.90<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>83.90<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>88.40</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Third best<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 79.00<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>79.90<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>86.90</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Third good<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 77.80<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>77.80<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>83.00</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Third current<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>76.80<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>76.70</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sulphur free on board, brokerage, shipment, export duty, and all other expenses included, costs 20 lire per ton in excess of the above prices. Nearly all the sulphur exported from Palermo emanates from the Lercara mines, in the province of Palermo, the price per ton being as follows: first quality, 91.60 lire; second quality, 88.40. Sulphur is usually conveyed in steamers to foreign countries from Sicilian ports. The average freight per ton to New York is about as follows: From Palermo, 8.70 lire; from Catania, 13.50 lire; from Girgenti, 16 lire. An additional charge of 2.50 lire is made when the sulphur may be destined for other ports in the United States.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Liebig once said that the degree of civilization of a nation and its wealth could be seen in its consumption of sulphuric acid. Now, although Italy produces immense quantities of sulphur, it cannot, on account of the scarcity of fuel, and other obvious reasons perhaps, compete with certain other countries in the manufacture and consumption of sulphuric acid.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sulphur is employed in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and the latter serves in the manufacture of sulphate of soda, chloridic acid, carbonate of soda, azodic acid, ether, stearine candles, purification of oils in connection with precious metals and electric batteries. Nordhausen's sulphuric acid is employed in the manufacture of indigo. Sulphate of soda is employed in the manufacture of artificial soda, glassware, cold mixtures, and medicines. Carbonate of soda is used in the manufacture of soap, bleaching wool, coloring and painting tissues, and in the manufacture of fine crystal ware and the preparation of borax. Chloric acid is used in the preparation of chlorides with bioxide of manganese, and with chlorides in the preparation of hypochlorides of lime, known in commerce under the name of bleaching powder, and improperly called chloride of lime, which is used as a disinfectant in contagious diseases, in bleaching stuffs, and in the manufacture of paper from vegetable fibers, and in the manufacture of gelatine extracted from bones, as well as in fermenting molasses and in the manufacture of sugar from beet root.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sulphur is also used in the preparation of gunpowder and oil of vitriol, and in the manufacture of matches and cultivation of the vine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In the year 1838 the Neapolitan government granted a monopoly to a French company for the trade in sulphur. By the terms of the agreement the producers were required to sell their sulphur to the company at certain fixed prices, and the latter paid the government the sum of $350,000 annually in consideration of this requirement. This, however, was not a success, and tended to curtail the sulphur industry, and the government, discovering the agreement to be against its interests, annulled it, and established a free system of production, charging an export tax per ton only. At that time sulphuric acid was derived exclusively from sulphur. Hence the demand from all countries was great, and the prices paid for sulphur were high. It was about this period that the sulphur industry was at its zenith. The monopoly having been abolished, every mine did its utmost to produce as much sulphur as possible, and from the export duty exacted by the government there accrued to it a much larger revenue than that which it received during the period of the monopoly. The progress of science has, however, modified the state of things since then, as sulphur can now be obtained from pyrite or pyrite of iron.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">This discovery immediately caused the price of sulphur to fall, and the great demand therefore correspondingly ceased. In England, at the present time, it is understood that two-thirds of the sulphuric acid used is manufactured from pyrites. The decrease in prices caused many of the mines to suspend operations, and as a result the sulphur remained idle in stock. In 1884 an association was formed at Catania with a view to buying up sulphur thus stored away at the mines and various ports at low prices, and store it away until a favorable opportunity should present itself for the sale thereof. This had the effect of increasing the prices of sulphur in Sicily for some time, and the producers, discovering that the methods of the association increased the foreign demand for their produce as well as its prices, exported it directly themselves, thus breaking up the association referred to, as it was no longer a profitable concern.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The railroad system, which in later years has placed the most important parts of Sicily in communication with the seaboard, has been most beneficial to the sulphur industry. A great saving has been made in transporting it to the ports. This was formerly (as stated) accomplished by carts drawn by mules at an enormous expense, as the roads were wretched, and unless some person of distinction contemplated passing over them, repairs were unknown.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Palermo, March 20, 1888</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<b>The Bayuda volcanic field</b> is located near the center of the Bayuda desert of NE Sudan. The numerous small cinder cones that trend horizontally across the center of the volcanic field in this Space Shuttle image were erupted along a WNW-trending line. Lava flows, one of which was erupted about 1100 years ago, are visible in this image, but about 10% of the vents are explosion craters. Bayuda was constructed over Precambrian and Paleozoic granitic rocks, which form the darker areas at the lower right. 18 January 2002, 06:43:31</div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-4122295577838115832018-03-10T15:47:00.001+00:002018-03-10T15:47:54.998+00:00Dentist's Alarming Explosion - TACN Tetraammine Copper Nitrate<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">During the early years of anaesthesia, dentists made their own nitrous oxide. It was made by heating ammonium nitrate. In 1866 the dentist George Barker of Pennsylvania's nitrous production rig detonated. This rather unfortunate explosion was solely caused by Barker replacing the glass retort, shown below, with one made of copper. He recounts the incident in his book, <i>Instructions in the Preparation, Administration, and Properties of Nitrous Oxide</i>, 1870 -</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Heating up ammonium nitrate until it melts and starts decomposing is not a really good idea. The detonation of 2200 tons of the stuff caused America's worst industrial accident, the <u><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_City_disaster" target="_blank">Texas City disaster</a></u> in 1947. However, it's a difficult energetic chemical to detonate, and the dentists and purveyors of laughing gas of the 1800s generally got away with their small scale production.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">But what dentist Barker did, replacing the glass retort with a copper one, allowed the formation of an easily detonating chemical - the impact, friction and heat sensitive explosive TACN, or Tetraammine Copper Nitrate, Cu(NH3)4(NO3)2</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">. This stuff is a beautiful purple colour, and can form on copper or brass in moist air containing ammonia -</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgppkO1zWfbDZUSzU0CdQwO82TnZEaW7gtZnhNzr8vjfOtAmxWkDzMNrm_q5o4X-XEBxKiTL-QkzhC2sG22JFesEDYQVIyQDm2YCIbd1Xpde_cXvwa-d4fZv4dJuJObGNM0AOMpPartaw/s1600/tacn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="589" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgppkO1zWfbDZUSzU0CdQwO82TnZEaW7gtZnhNzr8vjfOtAmxWkDzMNrm_q5o4X-XEBxKiTL-QkzhC2sG22JFesEDYQVIyQDm2YCIbd1Xpde_cXvwa-d4fZv4dJuJObGNM0AOMpPartaw/s1600/tacn.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The above photo is from a safety bulletin by the Chief Inspector of Mines, <i>Exposure of copper or copper alloys </i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>to ammonium nitrate – TACN </i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>formation</i>, <u><a href="https://www.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/689432/SB16-05-Exposure-of-copper-or-copper-alloys-to-ammonium-nitrate-TACN-formation.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></u>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">During WW2, <b>amatol</b> was the preferred military explosive for bombs. It's a mixture of ammonium nitrate and TNT. Arms manufacturers were perplexed by the prohibition of the use of copper in any process around ammonium nitrate. They wanted to use copper kettles to melt and pour amatol into shell cases -</span></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/152_mm_shell_production_SA-Kuva_88285.jpg/637px-152_mm_shell_production_SA-Kuva_88285.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="637" height="602" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/152_mm_shell_production_SA-Kuva_88285.jpg/637px-152_mm_shell_production_SA-Kuva_88285.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">filling 152 mm shells with amatol</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Picatinny Arsenal were commissioned to investigate, with the conclusion that it would be unwise for the lady above to use a copper bucket. The formation of tetraammine copper nitrate in air is surprisingly easy (and pretty to observe) as outlined in the excerpts below, from the full report - <i>Study Properties of Tetramino Cupric Nitrate</i> <u><a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/629884.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></u>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In a more modern report, <i>Tetraamminecopper(II) Nitrate and Its Effects </i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>on Ammonium Nitrate(V)</i> <u><a href="http://www.wydawnictwa.ipo.waw.pl/cejem/Vol-14-Number-1-2017/Kunzel.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></u>, the </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">formation of TACN by the reaction of copper with molten ammonium nitrate </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">is demonstrated by powder diffraction. Interestingly, the friction tests on TACN didn't go bang, <i>"</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The typical reaction of TACN to friction is just a change in colour from blue </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">to brown."</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>As a postscript</b> to this analysis of dentist Barker's nitrous equipment destruction, I'd like to introduce exploding minerals to you. I have been a member of <u><a href="https://www.mindat.org/" target="_blank">Mindat</a></u> since 2010. My first post on the forum was "Explosive Minerals," see <u><a href="https://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,6,196637,196637#msg-196637" target="_blank">here</a></u>. Having perused that discussion, take this next bit tongue in cheek -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Explosive copper mineral found in ancient Spanish Texas mine</b></span></div>
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<b>Geronimo</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When Geronimo surrendered to Lt. Charles Bare Gatewood in 1886, he gave details about what he knew of the Guadalupe Mountains in Culberson County, Texas. He revealed that an ancient silver and copper mine, abandoned in 1768 by the Spanish, had been used as a refuge by Chiricahua Apache raiding parties. It was known as the <i>Murciélago Cobre</i> mine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The location of the mine was not found until April 2017. Mineralogist Ivor Stumpwood was prospecting the Guadalupe canyons and at dusk noticed clouds of bats emerging from high up on the side of an arroyo. He investigated the area the next day, finding the lost mine. The Spanish had apparently only been mining for silver, as </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Stumpwood</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> found large amounts of lumps of discarded arborescent and crystalline native copper in the spoil heaps.</span></div>
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<b>native copper</b></div>
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photo by James St. John</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Stumpwood</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> entered the </span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">partially collapsed adit to the </span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Murciélago Cobre</span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> mine, but with great difficulty because of choking ammonia gas. It was a classic bat cave, the walls of the mine covered in tens of thousands of </span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Tadarida brasiliensis</i><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">, the Brazilian free-tailed bat, also known as the guano bat. The floor of the mine was a moving carpet of </span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Dermestes carnivora</i><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> beetles crawling over the deep bat guano.</span></span></div>
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The waste products of the <b>guano beetle</b> are rich in ammonium hydroxide,</div>
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those of the <b>Brazilian free-tailed bat</b>, rich in ammonium nitrate.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">But what urged </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Stumpwood</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> further into the mine, in spite of the biting beetles, bat shit and noxious gas, was the mineralisation. The native copper outcrops had become highly altered over the 250 years of exposure to the waste products of Tadarida brasiliensis bats. The ammonium nitrate in bat urine had reacted with the copper to form beautiful blue and green crystalline encrustations of copper nitrates. These aureoles of secondaries surrounded the final alteration mineral, named <i><b>tacnite</b></i> by </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Stumpwood</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> as soon as he saw it. The purple prismatic crystals of tetraammine copper nitrate were as stunningly beautiful as they were dangerous. Formed on the native copper by the ammoniacal atmosphere and copper nitrates, TACN is a high explosive which is sensitive to friction, impact and heat.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Ivor Stumpwood</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> never emerged from the </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Murciélago Cobre mine</b>. He may have successfully collected a sample of tacnite with his Estwing hammer, and managed a test, finding the purple mineral's streak was brown, only to be overcome by the ammonia, to fall onto the carnivorous carpet beetles and eaten alive. Or, with his first tentative strike of the hammer, he could have been blown to smithereens. We'll never know, as this account is of course entirely fictional....</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-57359543484155435242018-03-01T23:26:00.000+00:002018-03-02T09:45:51.921+00:00A Royal Electrostatic Discharge, Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Phillip & The Bishop of Durham<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikYugTSZUkAKHm-TcsNFu3oK1EpslgBs2mJeegViKcRAsCyLtHqE00csGho51O_6y6baZY-wuEXMIJkxiyeXWL3YsLB7ZmEnR9etp-F6LFMGk-dRfL2eLFUlMIZAWY2zefvIE0Wsc9vT0/s1600/royalwimshurst.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="773" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikYugTSZUkAKHm-TcsNFu3oK1EpslgBs2mJeegViKcRAsCyLtHqE00csGho51O_6y6baZY-wuEXMIJkxiyeXWL3YsLB7ZmEnR9etp-F6LFMGk-dRfL2eLFUlMIZAWY2zefvIE0Wsc9vT0/s1600/royalwimshurst.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Queen may have required a change of underwear after my</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> electrostatic demonstration during her Silver Jubilee.</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1977 the Queen of England, Elizabeth II, was celebrating a reign of 25 years. A couple of years earlier, I'd constructed a large Wimshurst Machine as a school project for my Engineering Design "O" Level. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><b>Machine & Queen were destined to meet</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Electrostatic generators, ancient & 'modern'. Note six inch rule on base</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>In 1974, aged fifteen</b>, I designed & started construction of the above version of a Wimshurst, using "modern" materials. It had glass-fibre laminate (PCB stock) discs, neoprene 'O' ring belts etc. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Max. spark length 11.25 cm. I designed it for 15cm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As part of her Jubilee tour, Queen Elizabeth and her hubby Prince Phillip were visiting the North East of England. On Thursday 14th July 1977 they met me and my machine in County Hall, Durham City.</span></div>
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<b>The Queen is walking away from the Market Tavern boozer in Durham City's market square. She's on her way to county hall, to meet me. Phil the Greek is behind, wondering whether to jump</b>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The Bishop of Durham</b> (John Stapylton Habgood) was with them, presumably to ensure there was no bother. At county hall in Durham city, they must have been underwhelmed to see a long line of school craft projects on tables, with attendant teenagers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I was part of this group. We had been plucked from various County Durham schools, because of our school projects. We'd been lectured by a Royal flunky on the correct way to address Liz and various other instantly forgettable rules of etiquette. During this <i>kowtow</i> instruction </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I remember wondering if <b>high energy electrical d</b></span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">ischarg</b><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">es</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> would be acceptable.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Etiquette was the name of the game that day. I couldn't have given a toss, not being a Royalist. <b>Nobody asked me if my exhibit was lethal</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Royals and the Bishop were looking bored as they wandered down the line, looking at craft work and asking inane questions. The pottery, paintings and wooden objects must have seemed interminable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Then they arrived at my position</b>. The Queen unwisely asked me what my machine was, although the Bish knew (apparently a family tie with Wimshurst existed) and wisely moved back to let Phil in.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>I switched the Wimshurst on</b>. I think I detected a flutter of Royal interest as the machine's discs rotated up and began to crackle with electrostatic energy. Even Prince Phil moved closer, muttering something quite unintelligible, possibly in Greek or Boddington Ale English.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I was telling Liz about electrostatics while things got interesting. I'd connected up a large (2 cubic feet) multiple parallel plate capacitor, made from glass, foil & resin, to the wimshurst. This was charging up, and was it's first public demonstration. <b>Exceedingly dangerous, and easily capable of killing</b>, the Queen was a couple of feet from it's bare terminations (thank fuck she didn't turn violent). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The capacitor<b> discharged with a loud, sharp detonation</b>. Even I got a fright, and I knew how fucking loud the capacitor's inch spark-gap was. My small crowd of spectators jumped back, away from the bright flash and bang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The security people started talking down their sleeves and the Royals were hurriedly moved on, possibly with distressed underclothing. I had a good talk to the Bish though, he stayed around for a while. I'm sure he'd found the Royal discharge quite amusing</b>.</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-66181398500829420952018-02-28T22:51:00.000+00:002018-02-28T22:51:56.531+00:00Wollaston's Discovery of a Controversial Element - Palladium<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The English chemist and physicist</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> William Hyde Wollaston (</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">1766 – 1828)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1801 Wollaston was getting heavily into the platinum business. He'd perfected a technique of chemical purification and consolidation of native platina, into pure malleable platinum ingots. In the next 20 years, together with his assistant John Dowse, he produced the world's best platinum by</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> refining 47,000 ounces of native platinum, making 36,000 ounces of malleable pure metal with his chemical and powder metallurgical process.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Above, </b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>nuggets of native platinum</b>. Wollaston obtained most of his platina from Colombia, via Jamaica. This needs serious refining to produce the quality of platinum required by his customers. Platinum was in demand for laboratory equipment, for boilers in sulphuric acid manufacture, and by gunsmiths such as Manton, who patented "Platina Touch Holes." By far the most of Wollaston's sales of platinum went to quality gunsmiths.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Although obviously after some serious money</b>, Wollaston was a scientist, and very interested in the residues left over from his process. After much investigation, he discovered two new elements and named them <b>Rhodium</b> and <b>Palladium</b>. Normally a scientist would immediately publish their discoveries in one of the learned journals. However Wollaston was initially unwilling to publish. To do so would release trade secrets about his chemical extractions. He was a businessman, and incredibly elected to <b>sell an unknown metal to the public</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The first the World knew about palladium was a single sheet flyer, sent in April 1803 anonymously to scientists in London -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>P A L L A D I U M</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">OR</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>NEW SILVER</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Has these properties amongst others that shew it to be</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>A NEW NOBLE METAL</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">1. It dissolves in pure spirit of nitre and makes a dark red solution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">2. Green vitriol throws it down in the state of a regulus from this solution as it always does gold from aqua regia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">3. If you evaporate the solution you get a red calx that dis solves in spirit of salt or other acids.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">4. It is thrown down by quicksilver and by all the metals but gold platina and silver.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">5. Its specific gravity by hammering was only 11.3 but by flatting as much as 11.8</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">6. In a common fire the face of it tarnishes a little and turns blue but comes bright again like other noble metals on being stronger heated.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">7. The greatest heat of a blacksmith's fire would hardly melt it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">8. But if you touch it while hot with a small bit of sulphur it runs as easily as zinc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>It is sold only by</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Mr FORSTER at No 26 GERRARD STREET, SOHO</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>LONDON</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>In samples of five shillings half a guinea and one guinea each</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Mr. Forster, a mineral dealer, was Wollaston's front man to sell the new metal. Forster charged a shilling a grain (65mg) for palladium - six times the price of gold! Wollaston hoped to make a few bob, and to induce many scientists to obtain samples, to confirm the discovery of a new element.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>The plan went tits-up</b> when the whole stock was bought by a certain Richard Chenevix. An Irish chemist and mineralogist, known for his sharp cynicism and for engaging in combative criticism, Chenevix thought the new metal was a fraud.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">He reckoned it was a man-made alloy of platinum and mercury. <b>Totally wrong</b>, but his results were printed in <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>, Volume 1 -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Wollaston responded to this unconventionally</b>. Instead of publishing his work on palladium, he anonymously issued a challenge - £20 for anyone who demonstrated palladium synthesis. This from <i>A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts</i>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Soon many of Europe's chemists were trying to replicate the work of </b></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><b>Chenevix</b>, to make palladium from platinum and mercury.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> They were all at it, Vauquelin, W. H. Pepys, Humphry Davy, Valentin Rose, A. F. Gehlen, M. H. Klaproth, and not forgetting Professor J. B. Trommsdorff of Erfurt -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Nobody succeeded</b>. Not even Trommers. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Wollaston had privately told Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, that he was the source of the anonymous palladium, and that it was most definitely an element. D</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">espite Bank's knowledge that </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">one of his publications was shit,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Chenevix was still awarded the Copley Medal in 1803 f</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">or his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. Banks was not at all pleased with the underhand way Wollaston was handling the palladium controversy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Eventually Wollaston had to publish. This from <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>, London. It's a</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"> 15 pager, but thankfully is followed by a nice palladium video! -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVdB4pjqFTtVHsSvi8Zt9FEMo0i8L2OgIHi_Zun1A49Zctzz-oall264pHMNsK6rEhI4Ecijf52D_1F9OPsktAyaDOtK-jZ3Yn1G_S6OUerfjPHLwqHStuXIRNtoOpsGgA6mP-6iUDAcE/s1600/smallpox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="720" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVdB4pjqFTtVHsSvi8Zt9FEMo0i8L2OgIHi_Zun1A49Zctzz-oall264pHMNsK6rEhI4Ecijf52D_1F9OPsktAyaDOtK-jZ3Yn1G_S6OUerfjPHLwqHStuXIRNtoOpsGgA6mP-6iUDAcE/s1600/smallpox.jpg" /></a></div>
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Smallpox illustration, Japanese manuscript,Toshin seiyo. 1720</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How To Spot Smallpox</b></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-70106702296478671292018-01-22T06:43:00.000+00:002018-01-22T10:55:03.332+00:00The Preparation of Nitrogen Gas from Flesh<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/main-page.html" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8uBTn56ca9ctLo7_STLOgGZ9eVF7CAPCaD91o8gS30aSS1gE19KkqMKQ9jdH0M_DSdyUZI5dtNzMntIkUeydvL7nM3H_x9WRefIt5jxJ42uTjfw3YMjP_OFFrQSTK3qJtIUzvry7OQJA/s1600/logo.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">This unusual method of the production of nitrogen gas from meat could be used to fill a hand-cranked Wimshurst TEA ultraviolet nitrogen laser. A <b>meat laser</b>.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiludZVFZ12Y6p4i2soETrQ3TmOVPPjtNfhfPrhTMJSwvax3Zl7VQ-IOFm6Qx63SLSex0QyJ81ucpWeqd8uiHP2AEYjt8MVoNFHmPqMt9TYJ2QkVtfpso63mD58OUWSRO39IoL2crVfG9w/s1600/meatnitrogen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="117" data-original-width="545" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiludZVFZ12Y6p4i2soETrQ3TmOVPPjtNfhfPrhTMJSwvax3Zl7VQ-IOFm6Qx63SLSex0QyJ81ucpWeqd8uiHP2AEYjt8MVoNFHmPqMt9TYJ2QkVtfpso63mD58OUWSRO39IoL2crVfG9w/s1600/meatnitrogen.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Nitric acid with a density of 1.20g/cm3 corresponds to a concentration of 33</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">% by weight</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> @ 20°C.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSNYvp-pQB1q0NZh7XZVzX5slU-935YfRc99gsTNNrHm9JAJUjFtJgfUpLvRNtWSlaMQKKCtBlTftXp6ycZu_cWoBpL-ZGfP0UY4VztXbPoEO9QyJLflW7ysZy2HDLQ-9Cfyo95a5vALI/s1600/meatnitrogen2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="58" data-original-width="545" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSNYvp-pQB1q0NZh7XZVzX5slU-935YfRc99gsTNNrHm9JAJUjFtJgfUpLvRNtWSlaMQKKCtBlTftXp6ycZu_cWoBpL-ZGfP0UY4VztXbPoEO9QyJLflW7ysZy2HDLQ-9Cfyo95a5vALI/s1600/meatnitrogen2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Carbonic acid = carbon dioxide.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<div style="margin: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: start;">
<div style="margin: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px; text-align: start;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><br /></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-44765847803839150982018-01-11T22:09:00.000+00:002018-01-11T22:09:01.340+00:00Laboratory Shed in 1970<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>By the time I was 11 years old my poor Mother's kitchen had the look of a ramshackle chemistry laboratory</b>. I'd discovered chemistry at around 7, when I'd begged my Dad to get me a bunsen burner to do flame and borax bead analysis of some of the mineral specimens I'd collected.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">From then on, the kitchen had endured bunsen bombs, chlorine gas preparation, various pyrotechnic mixtures being "tested", molten antimony burns, the storage of concentrated acids, not to mention the inorganic poisons, phosphorus and the bottle of picric acid. At one point the whole kitchen was inundated with highly toxic barium carbonate when my witherite sample exploded (see <u><a href="https://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,6,196637,196751" target="_blank">here</a></u>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>I needed a lab</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Fortunately I won £10. In 1970 this was a large amount of money for a working class 11 year old (£146 in today's money). I gave it to my Dad, who stumped up the rest of the cash, to buy me a large garden shed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It was a sturdy shed. It lasted 30 years and survived many explosions, fires and high-voltage electrical mahem. It also got my huge mineral collection (incl. the radioactive autunite, torbernite, pitchblende, curite, & monazite sands) out of our living room, and removed the risk of fatal poisoning from my Mam's kitchen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The full issue of "Newton News" is available <u><a href="http://www.newtonnews.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/07/10_28-6-1970.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</u> Looking at the adverts, my Dad could have bought a car for the same money as my shed cost.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-38436301020742363752017-12-20T12:33:00.001+00:002017-12-20T12:33:52.893+00:00CTR Wilson, of Cloud Chamber Fame, on Thunderstorms & Sprites 1924<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">C.T.R. Wilson published the following paper in 1924 (Proc. Phys. Soc.), in it he predicts the large atmospheric electrical discharges we now know as "sprites." He also has interesting observations on St. Elmo's fire and predicts the recently measured large emission of ionising radiation from lightning bolts.</span></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Lightning_sprites.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Lightning_sprites.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Above, a<b> modern</b> graphic of thunderstorm electrical phenomena</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9apZ5dEqNVr-jTKeDOHxUcE87olplO2XemMmqKUrLCZIY5LSkxIv90sNWgWZBJdnMFDoXvZaadk1ShaMdMIPB06bNgfJp1EzJvcbdNxqzQhrWBzAbsR_vzWZUEslrZpECJCpddN0Pvsw/s1600/Wilson_electricfield_thunderstorms_1924-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1328" data-original-width="968" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9apZ5dEqNVr-jTKeDOHxUcE87olplO2XemMmqKUrLCZIY5LSkxIv90sNWgWZBJdnMFDoXvZaadk1ShaMdMIPB06bNgfJp1EzJvcbdNxqzQhrWBzAbsR_vzWZUEslrZpECJCpddN0Pvsw/s1600/Wilson_electricfield_thunderstorms_1924-3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/NTS_Barrage_Balloon.jpg/615px-NTS_Barrage_Balloon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="615" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/NTS_Barrage_Balloon.jpg/615px-NTS_Barrage_Balloon.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Plumbob - Stokes 19kt Nuclear Test</span></b></div>
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<b>Nevada test Site</b>, August 7, 1957. The tail, or “After” section of a U.S. Navy Goodyear ZSG-3 Blimp is shown with the Stokes cloud in background. The dirigible was in temporary free flight in excess of five miles from ground zero when collapsed by the shock wave from the blast. The airship was unmanned and was used in military effects experiments on blast and heat. </div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-81221314265472503802017-12-14T10:18:00.000+00:002017-12-14T10:18:27.755+00:00The Radium Water Worked Fine Until His Jaw Came Off<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Eben McBurney Byers</b> (April 12, 1880 – March 31, 1932) was a wealthy American socialite, athlete, and industrialist. He won the 1906 U.S. Amateur in golf. He earned notoriety in the early 1930s when he died from multiple radiation-induced cancers after consuming a popular patent medicine made from radium dissolved in water.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">This from the Wall Street Journal</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8XyQgQYF0TVIS54GeBwHGEncHLgcX3YAgJVCfRFnb8Tao1WYEZa9sJeSpYQo9IoplKfSfgyt-VN0eD6S_GVNPGq1vxmV5a0glBqXVhKEI6kCeIM_89n95izoOtAZMRj-d_0FFO9sfcWk/s1600/rad1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="501" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8XyQgQYF0TVIS54GeBwHGEncHLgcX3YAgJVCfRFnb8Tao1WYEZa9sJeSpYQo9IoplKfSfgyt-VN0eD6S_GVNPGq1vxmV5a0glBqXVhKEI6kCeIM_89n95izoOtAZMRj-d_0FFO9sfcWk/s1600/rad1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX-DFNmncu25Ytzjk6g8dZjKF5AGaK1WwNIslbqdEIk32Vua8jA-zAep1z_Qpq0ZBuBlyQKIi4Z1fFXipJxnYOcGCpQdWTmqXf4rxjeTs-cpthrfpYsEdrRLrt7Lore9iYGYweQ2t_GPE/s1600/rad2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX-DFNmncu25Ytzjk6g8dZjKF5AGaK1WwNIslbqdEIk32Vua8jA-zAep1z_Qpq0ZBuBlyQKIi4Z1fFXipJxnYOcGCpQdWTmqXf4rxjeTs-cpthrfpYsEdrRLrt7Lore9iYGYweQ2t_GPE/s1600/rad2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYkprjsPJ3C2tz0PcAPsBAMeRLGzGOGiZ2e5hUAOyr_Ib4hhjp5pihEaM_p_oyD7REnhT8SXCTqM4pw6QgWwssAGtxKMaphVKRfXS4z6CNL1pReKNjRSjKJJcRBZtUl5TSd3EhzpGKOeM/s1600/rad3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYkprjsPJ3C2tz0PcAPsBAMeRLGzGOGiZ2e5hUAOyr_Ib4hhjp5pihEaM_p_oyD7REnhT8SXCTqM4pw6QgWwssAGtxKMaphVKRfXS4z6CNL1pReKNjRSjKJJcRBZtUl5TSd3EhzpGKOeM/s1600/rad3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOkwcrG5hXj9xKds1HOij3WJlNaDx4jr6ri6A1SpwAe6a7wxD1ZXPhfYad1vf_t_8AtJae6Nq3yUv3kkZ-2Kn5GYigRPb1YhTugJVnZpJU0NtmXwN46_ePlTBXI5U6N0CKmXPJ0BbtbCM/s1600/rad4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOkwcrG5hXj9xKds1HOij3WJlNaDx4jr6ri6A1SpwAe6a7wxD1ZXPhfYad1vf_t_8AtJae6Nq3yUv3kkZ-2Kn5GYigRPb1YhTugJVnZpJU0NtmXwN46_ePlTBXI5U6N0CKmXPJ0BbtbCM/s1600/rad4.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5SFI9PXSPqbH_F2c6d5vpaGSHlhKQUfIPGSndYG31de3djoKaElMrOBjFl_SJC-xGd83pNKEea199pLEbh4zz4XI4ZwtwTxTU292FenOUTpDPcieip_jweAC9NDO2T7qCZnjQqN0QMoY/s1600/rad5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5SFI9PXSPqbH_F2c6d5vpaGSHlhKQUfIPGSndYG31de3djoKaElMrOBjFl_SJC-xGd83pNKEea199pLEbh4zz4XI4ZwtwTxTU292FenOUTpDPcieip_jweAC9NDO2T7qCZnjQqN0QMoY/s1600/rad5.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR_CZSfpEv-iSSaqmtvLPO-uVb92YGZH4ZHafwYS-7-AY9_VaThwPMxhyphenhyphenlGesO8k5Tm9_ubf8tkAcS_5Gq9TlpSUVwAImISSEdZ2TNifevFahDRjkPlHfyqEST8kfK2HlKdilzDzYM7_Q/s1600/rad6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR_CZSfpEv-iSSaqmtvLPO-uVb92YGZH4ZHafwYS-7-AY9_VaThwPMxhyphenhyphenlGesO8k5Tm9_ubf8tkAcS_5Gq9TlpSUVwAImISSEdZ2TNifevFahDRjkPlHfyqEST8kfK2HlKdilzDzYM7_Q/s1600/rad6.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOBViYXdAtnDmcymjkxvTH32RE_FRzQ8sOjQtIqAE2Q3yF3m7_WaR6lf8FVzILeJgVcx3Z8NFDDdRVMNM9_kO3pZvCQz6d3S1ZP1ZGQAHR0oLfXmOoyGQTHdZIEC3hCoC7pmlZHU1zO3U/s1600/rad7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOBViYXdAtnDmcymjkxvTH32RE_FRzQ8sOjQtIqAE2Q3yF3m7_WaR6lf8FVzILeJgVcx3Z8NFDDdRVMNM9_kO3pZvCQz6d3S1ZP1ZGQAHR0oLfXmOoyGQTHdZIEC3hCoC7pmlZHU1zO3U/s1600/rad7.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVGG8TiItampHbjbRjo16m6tdgjUUkRnKIGfqH3OumrX5NvgGY3rtmGLyU6Bp5yWBimb8CwFRmRR220CnAI7nBNKvG1u0LaSNGkNR7_LmtTlJNhc929f7EwK0FC5dY0TVRIiTwIDWtjxE/s1600/rad8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="377" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVGG8TiItampHbjbRjo16m6tdgjUUkRnKIGfqH3OumrX5NvgGY3rtmGLyU6Bp5yWBimb8CwFRmRR220CnAI7nBNKvG1u0LaSNGkNR7_LmtTlJNhc929f7EwK0FC5dY0TVRIiTwIDWtjxE/s1600/rad8.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhohK3yKBsPffllmayUKUFXMIAxBtFJVQqMhb3D-hHN2vAtqfBBn46C6VhQtGJ5UTwMp3BPa9A5P1VFFoOKNfPNIU3Bl06PQCu-zec1On-z0lQnoU3Jd9WWnc-fb3HiYUAYPYtyL0BA5Hk/s1600/rad9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="377" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhohK3yKBsPffllmayUKUFXMIAxBtFJVQqMhb3D-hHN2vAtqfBBn46C6VhQtGJ5UTwMp3BPa9A5P1VFFoOKNfPNIU3Bl06PQCu-zec1On-z0lQnoU3Jd9WWnc-fb3HiYUAYPYtyL0BA5Hk/s1600/rad9.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic0_x4YcwTs6GHaWKl-wmNT98bRmKTJlWPd0kcOmlghyphenhyphenB-itBtWFjgbC16EKoDCMP93pIs7CAnKktgVXYClTLg_AYpRjnUOa6-HqijQuWcgC0kJW0d-hemcwJEqR-K_nN3IT3WJ3wVb0M/s1600/rad10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic0_x4YcwTs6GHaWKl-wmNT98bRmKTJlWPd0kcOmlghyphenhyphenB-itBtWFjgbC16EKoDCMP93pIs7CAnKktgVXYClTLg_AYpRjnUOa6-HqijQuWcgC0kJW0d-hemcwJEqR-K_nN3IT3WJ3wVb0M/s1600/rad10.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Arctic_Jaws.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="800" height="428" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Arctic_Jaws.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>The Greenland shark may live to be 400 years old.....</b></div>
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photo by Julian Idrobo</div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-46351575827606135052017-12-13T07:34:00.001+00:002017-12-13T07:34:50.868+00:00Gallium Crystallising and Other Illustrations<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">photo Tmv23 & Dblay</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG/734px-Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="523" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG/734px-Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Gallium crystallising</b></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Snowflake_-_By_Wilson_Bentley_ca._1905_-_MoPA.jpg/572px-Snowflake_-_By_Wilson_Bentley_ca._1905_-_MoPA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Snowflake_-_By_Wilson_Bentley_ca._1905_-_MoPA.jpg/572px-Snowflake_-_By_Wilson_Bentley_ca._1905_-_MoPA.jpg" /></a></div>
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Photo of Snowflake by Bentley 1905</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Groove'sches_Element.png/412px-Groove'sches_Element.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Groove'sches_Element.png/412px-Groove'sches_Element.png" /></a></div>
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Grove's Cell</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Darvaza.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Darvaza.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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"<b>The Door to Hell</b>"</div>
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Derweze, Turkmenistan</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/First_diamond_anvil_cell.jpg/652px-First_diamond_anvil_cell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="588" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/First_diamond_anvil_cell.jpg/652px-First_diamond_anvil_cell.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">First diamond anvil cell at NIST Gaithersburg Museum</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/DR_1934_562_Winterhilfswerk.jpg/487px-DR_1934_562_Winterhilfswerk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/DR_1934_562_Winterhilfswerk.jpg/487px-DR_1934_562_Winterhilfswerk.jpg" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Chemical_garden.jpg/800px-Chemical_garden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Chemical_garden.jpg/800px-Chemical_garden.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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"Chemical garden" on the ISS</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Galileo_by_leoni.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Galileo_by_leoni.jpg" /></a></div>
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Galileo</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wea00800,1.jpg/800px-Wea00800,1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="420" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wea00800,1.jpg/800px-Wea00800,1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Rogue wave</b>, Bay of Biscay, 1940</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Aerial_photograph_of_Swedish_landscape_taken_by_rocket,_1897_losslesscrop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Aerial_photograph_of_Swedish_landscape_taken_by_rocket,_1897_losslesscrop.jpg" /></a></div>
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Aerial photo of a Swedish village, taken using the <b>Alfred Nobel Rocket Camera</b>, 1896</div>
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<a href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Kkw0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP8&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U0c3Offr5RESyIVnn_I-dPrkaMtQw&ci=116%2C116%2C804%2C1315&edge=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Kkw0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP8&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U0c3Offr5RESyIVnn_I-dPrkaMtQw&ci=116,116,804,1315&edge=0" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">photo Fernando Estel</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Silver_surface_crystal_growth_SEM.png/600px-Silver_surface_crystal_growth_SEM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Silver_surface_crystal_growth_SEM.png/600px-Silver_surface_crystal_growth_SEM.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">Silver crystal growth over a ceramic substrate. SEM microscope image.</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Minie_ball_design_harpers_ferry_burton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="348" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Minie_ball_design_harpers_ferry_burton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.2px;">"New rifle musket ball caliber 0.58-inch. This final version of the Minie bullet resulted from experiments conducted by James H. Burton at the Harpers Ferry Armory during the early 1850s."</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg/800px-Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="403" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg/800px-Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Duck_of_Vaucanson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Duck_of_Vaucanson.jpg" /></a></div>
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Duck of Vaucanson 1738</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Panoramic_Large_and_Small_Magellanic_Clouds.jpg/800px-Panoramic_Large_and_Small_Magellanic_Clouds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="309" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Panoramic_Large_and_Small_Magellanic_Clouds.jpg/800px-Panoramic_Large_and_Small_Magellanic_Clouds.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18.2333px;"><b>The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">photo WTucker</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cave_Pearls.JPG/800px-Cave_Pearls.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cave_Pearls.JPG/800px-Cave_Pearls.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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Carlsbad Cave Pearls</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Diamond-diamond_macle2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Diamond-diamond_macle2.jpg" width="371" /></a></div>
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<b>Macle Twins</b> - Diamond & Spinel</div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">photos Rob Lavinski</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arietites_bucklandi.jpg/800px-Arietites_bucklandi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arietites_bucklandi.jpg/800px-Arietites_bucklandi.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">Arietites bucklandi</i></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Polynya_off_the_Antarctic_Coast_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/600px-Polynya_off_the_Antarctic_Coast_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Polynya_off_the_Antarctic_Coast_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/600px-Polynya_off_the_Antarctic_Coast_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg" /></a></div>
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A Polynya</div>
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Comet Lovejoy from the ISS</div>
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A complex Feynman diagram involving the Higgs boson</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calcium fluoride</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">photo Rob Lavinsky</span><br />
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<b>Neptunite</b></div>
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<a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxtx2WRc7UPiE2_f_5DFsVc7CRiPglw9EFTMAGv9xhQA9_PQAPW59YpGVxB8OZNlpBd2_J2ME881JwtsA0kHa0h9Tf9YULz46vqeYjpEn9INAn-me3LvdE-bAIH0KqtsZkE9JmQoptpOM/s1600/290cover.jpg" /></a> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A RACIST BIGOT</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-89187947990792694502017-12-06T09:51:00.000+00:002017-12-13T07:09:57.800+00:00LIPARI OBSIDIAN with Oriented CRISTOBALITE Spherulites<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/main-page.html" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8uBTn56ca9ctLo7_STLOgGZ9eVF7CAPCaD91o8gS30aSS1gE19KkqMKQ9jdH0M_DSdyUZI5dtNzMntIkUeydvL7nM3H_x9WRefIt5jxJ42uTjfw3YMjP_OFFrQSTK3qJtIUzvry7OQJA/s1600/logo.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>A beautiful, mineralogically interesting, specimen of OBSIDIAN in two pieces</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This is a beach find from the volcanic <b>Italian island of Lipari</b>. I found it on the shoreline of <b>Canneto</b>, a small town on this Aeolian Island. When I cleaved it, the obsidian displayed the phenomenal stratified <b>cristobalite spherulites</b> you can see in the photos. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">These linearly-arranged inclusions are globular, very interesting under a microscope (nested), and contrast beautifully with the deep-black glassy obsidian. They are aligned within the specimen, as they were forming in the viscous glass lava flow, just as the obsidian lava flow "froze".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This probably took place around 1400 years ago, from either the <b>Rocche Rosse</b> or <b>Forgia Vecchia</b> craters (Keller, 1970), as can be gathered from the RRuff reference pdf - <u><a href="http://rruff.info/rdsmi/V36/RDSMI36_415.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Although obsidian is relatively common on Lipari (its 15th century castle is built on a cliff of obsidian), this was one of the best specimens I obtained there. The cristobalite spheres shows the orientation of the lava flow admirably. I had to have it, and brought it back (in hand luggage!) from my first visit to the Aeolian Islands in 2006. If you're into volcanic mineral specimens, please have a look at the 50 second video below -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br />The specimen is in two fitting parts, the larger being approximately 8 x 7 x 6 cm, the smaller approximately 6 x 5 x 4 cm.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">UK </span></span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><b><i>here</i></b></a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">USA </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CCMM138" target="_blank"><i>here</i></a></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrelated to this post</b>, below is an example of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">eclectic science esoterica</span></b> </span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-64913221056809140772017-12-05T16:32:00.000+00:002017-12-06T17:10:29.494+00:00The Great Newton Aycliffe Tornado of 1995<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Paul Burns and I were driving to the boozer in Aycliffe Village for a liquid lunch on Friday 8th September 1995 -</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">me - <b>"There's a tornado!"</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Burnsy - <b>"Hadaway and shite."</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">me - <b>"No, look man, over there!"</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Burnsy - <b>"Fuck me! Yer right!"</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Paul drove his black Fiesta off the road and we watched the <i>Great Newton Aycliffe Tornado</i> for about 5 minutes. I phoned Tyne Tees TV when I got home, talked to the weatherman Bob, and the sighting was mentioned on the telly that night. Soon after, a bloke phoned me from the Met office -</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWsmJtvxsb3ObmWT38KD-YzBgHuOshhsSnD0x2Je_Tj4iDTJ-9jwKCEsPUHHg0oVeIcGoAGXxzHfXQJmz_GaRBFjcecC_Uc3tB0evavkBsLdp99yJvMypu47I3f5H6rAyGocHR7ce_f9k/s1600/torn1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWsmJtvxsb3ObmWT38KD-YzBgHuOshhsSnD0x2Je_Tj4iDTJ-9jwKCEsPUHHg0oVeIcGoAGXxzHfXQJmz_GaRBFjcecC_Uc3tB0evavkBsLdp99yJvMypu47I3f5H6rAyGocHR7ce_f9k/s1600/torn1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOawupG52_yOBG6lDYU-zOm5bm70SvzB1kgcbFWgKr9WgYwHXzAk3_kSot2e0eFnJwGCUDnHj3SPcNENpguu01lrXR4UdWUG1bZ2k1ul_2nEeI2I7J1FgXpy0H-kfUsdLpUyGgHVAgG9E/s1600/torn2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="110" data-original-width="517" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOawupG52_yOBG6lDYU-zOm5bm70SvzB1kgcbFWgKr9WgYwHXzAk3_kSot2e0eFnJwGCUDnHj3SPcNENpguu01lrXR4UdWUG1bZ2k1ul_2nEeI2I7J1FgXpy0H-kfUsdLpUyGgHVAgG9E/s1600/torn2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuwwqrl0LFIZiFP0aulldDnzqpY7Dx1g3WbNRU3Dr-BYcTTeNHtMTfXidYrWTg-V_DYBGSKhDDpGu0opr8Zzz_kGaUpHRC0IKpdZV_Q2z8ARLinzVSQ8EFZhvZXaC4BVrB_bt0QglJfHA/s1600/torn3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="507" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuwwqrl0LFIZiFP0aulldDnzqpY7Dx1g3WbNRU3Dr-BYcTTeNHtMTfXidYrWTg-V_DYBGSKhDDpGu0opr8Zzz_kGaUpHRC0IKpdZV_Q2z8ARLinzVSQ8EFZhvZXaC4BVrB_bt0QglJfHA/s1600/torn3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQI0lE7HcwPpVAJ3FF1tp3hcxnmwfLs738Ey6qk657ONh3jmRJvKMdQ_CXe62B91TWon8kbqKSOzY5Tj5Edpy00tormeJ9tIliILuS1oFNpD7HEEJnPkGAsSIfDtSOKlqn5XV5rfPuss8/s1600/torn4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="78" data-original-width="501" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQI0lE7HcwPpVAJ3FF1tp3hcxnmwfLs738Ey6qk657ONh3jmRJvKMdQ_CXe62B91TWon8kbqKSOzY5Tj5Edpy00tormeJ9tIliILuS1oFNpD7HEEJnPkGAsSIfDtSOKlqn5XV5rfPuss8/s1600/torn4.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjBInyt_lYRqJIOTajvibQKDkrKiua_8NGA5PFBow7v4auCzyDnapncY9VUETX6mgqa5D1uglBQMhroAwRsZq6OfbvJMzV16CYwfi0dhCa6D5awM9LmVAn_74Io_EMuUR9mKUi5dQdOug/s1600/torn5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="505" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjBInyt_lYRqJIOTajvibQKDkrKiua_8NGA5PFBow7v4auCzyDnapncY9VUETX6mgqa5D1uglBQMhroAwRsZq6OfbvJMzV16CYwfi0dhCa6D5awM9LmVAn_74Io_EMuUR9mKUi5dQdOug/s1600/torn5.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">From "Journal of Meteorology" </span><u style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><a href="http://www.ijmet.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/212.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Seven years after this sighting, I was lucky enough to see another tornado here in the North of England. This time I had a video camera. More bad language can be found <u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/teesdale-tornado-coldberry-rope-out.html" target="_blank">here</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>A</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">STEAMPUNK </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">NOVEL, FULL OF</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANARCHIC EXPERIMENTAL </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SCIENCE</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Victorian Science with a Smile</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;">More information & sample chapters </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><u><a href="http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ernest-glitch.html">here</a></u></i></b></div>
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<i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: start;"><br /></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for <i>Ernest Glitch</i> on your Kindle</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">or visit Amazon -</span></span></div>
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Chauliodus sloani abyssal fish, Straits of Messina. Prof. Francesco Costa</div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7568930333885486587.post-91052980425151907062017-12-03T12:59:00.000+00:002017-12-04T14:09:27.365+00:00W48 155-millimetre nuclear artillery shell<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/W48_155-millimeter_nuclear_shell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="425" height="504" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/W48_155-millimeter_nuclear_shell.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A US Govt scientist shows a presidential adviser a full-scale cut-away model of the W48 155-millimetre nuclear artillery shell</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"And then this bit goes kaboom!"</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"So... this little mother can freakin' fry thousands of foreigners Harry?"</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"Yes Sir! It's an engineering masterpiece!"</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"And we phased out these beauties in '92? </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Goddamn disgrace,</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> I'll tell Trump." </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>W48</b> was an American nuclear artillery shell, capable of being fired from any standard 155 mm (6.1 inch) howitzer, e.g. the M114, M198 or M109. It was manufactured starting in 1963, and all units were "retired" in 1992 (<b>925</b> of the blighters!).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The W48 was 6.1 inches (155 mm) in diameter and 33.3 inches long. It came in two models, Mod 0 and Mod 1, which are reported to have weighed 118 and 128 pounds respectively. It had an explosive yield equivalent to 72 tons of TNT (0.072 kiloton), which is very small for a nuclear weapon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The W48 was a small diameter linear implosion nuclear fission weapon. An implosion weapon needs less nuclear material than is required to form a critical mass at normal pressure and configurations, and uses precise explosive assemblies to collapse the material to many times normal density in order to attain critical mass.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A bare critical mass of plutonium at normal density and without additional neutron reflector material is roughly 10 kilograms (22 lb). This amount of alpha-phase plutonium (at a density of 19.8 g/cm<sup style="line-height: 1;">3</sup> (11.4 oz/cu in)) takes up 657 cm<sup style="line-height: 1;">3</sup> (40.1 in<sup style="line-height: 1;">3</sup>), giving a sphere of radius 5.4 cm (2.1 in)).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">To achieve a large explosive yield, a linear implosion weapon needs somewhat more material, about 13 kilograms (29 lb). The mass, known as the "pit", is configured in a lower density non-spherical configuration. Tampers or reflectors could be used to reduce the mass but the overall diameter of the fissile material plus tamper/reflector increases compared to the volume required for an untamped, unreflected pit. To fit weapons into small artillery shells (155 mm (6.1 in) or 152 mm (6.0 in) are known and 105 mm (4.1 in) has been alleged to be possible by nuclear weapon designer Ted Taylor bare pits are required.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On firing the weapon, small to moderate amounts of high explosive collapse and slightly reshape the nuclear material into a supercritical mass which then begins a chain reaction, goes critical, and explodes in a small nuclear blast. Three methods are known to compress and reshape the nuclear material: collapsing hollow spaces inside the nuclear material, using plutonium-gallium alloy which is stabilized in the low density delta phase at a density of 16.4 g/cm<sup style="line-height: 1;">3</sup> (9.5 oz/cu in) (and which collapses to denser alpha-phase under moderate explosive compression), and shaping an explosive around the nuclear material so that the explosive pressure causes a stretched-out elliptical or rugby ball shape to collapse towards a more spherical end shape, which decreases the surface area of the pit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Linear implosion weapons have much lower efficiency due to low pressure, and require 2-3 times more nuclear material than conventional implosion weapons. They are also considerably heavier, and much smaller than conventional implosion weapons. The W54 nuclear warhead used in the Davy Crockett nuclear artillery unit was about 11 inches (28 cm) diameter and weighs 51 pounds (23 kg). The W48 is 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter and weighs over twice as much, and probably requires twice as much plutonium. Independent researchers have determined that one model of US conventional implosion fission weapon cost $1.25 million per unit produced, of which $0.25 million was the total cost for all non nuclear components and $1 million the cost of the plutonium. Linear implosion weapons requiring 2-3 times more plutonium are proportionally more expensive.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>"Hodges emitted a scream the like of which</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>I hadn't heard since his scrotum was burned off</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 25.2000007629395px;"><i>during my experiment with fluorine gas last year."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>The Exotic Experimentation of Ernest Glitch,</i></b></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">WARNING </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">- Many subjects outlined within this site are </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">extremely dangerous</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> and are provided here for information only. Please don`t experiment with high voltages or chemicals unless you are fully conversant with safe laboratory practices. No liability will be accepted for death, injury or damage arising from experimentation using any information or materials supplied.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com